Paper 2 Biology: Combined Science AQA

• Menstruation


  The shedding of the lining of the uterus that occurs when an egg is not fertilized, resulting in bleeding once a month in people who menstruate.
• What is homeostasis?

  Homeostasis is the regulation of internal conditions to maintain optimal conditions for enzyme action and cell function
• Why is homeostasis important?

  Because it is essential for the survival of cells
• What does the control system do?

  Keeps the conditions in your body steady
• What happens in the blood glucose level is too low?

  If the blood glucose concentration is too low then the pancreas can produce and release a different hormone called glucagon. This causes glycogen to be converted back into glucose to raise the concentration
• What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

  brain and spinal cord
• What is the CNS connected to?

  the body by sensory neurones and motor neutrons
• What is do Sensory Neurones do?

  They carry information as electrical impulses from the receptor to the CNS
• What do Motor Neutrons do?

  They carry electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors
• What are Receptors?

  Cells that detect stimuli
• Give an example of a receptor

  Receptors in the ear detect sound
• What do effectors respond to?

  Effectors include muscles and glands - that produce a specific response to a detected stimulus
• Give 2 examples of effectors

  Muscles and glands.
• What is the process of a reflex arc?

  Stimulus -> Receptor -> Sensory Neurone -> CNS -> Motor Neurone -> Effector -> Response
• What is a Synapse?

  the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector
• What are Reflexes?

  an automatic responses to prevent injury
• What are hormones?

  Chemical messengers sent in the blood
• What is another name for the Pituitary Gland?

  Master Gland
• What does the Pituitary Gland produce?

  many hormones that regulate body conditions
• What do Ovaries produce?

  oestrogen
• What is oestrogen involved in?

  Menstrual cycle
• What do the testes produce?

  testosterone
• What are the main functions of the testes?

  • Producing testosterone (puberty)
  • Producing and storing sperm (fertility)
• What does the thyroid produce?

  Thyroxine
• What is Thyroxine involved in?

  • Rate of metabolism
  • Heart and muscle function e.g. heart rate
  • Brain development
  • Maintenance of bones
• What does the Adrenal Gland produce?

  Adrenaline
• What is Adrenaline involved in?

  Prepare the body for a fight or flight response
• What does the pancreas produce?

  insulin
• What is insulin used for?

  Regulating blood glucose levels
• Give 3 characteristics of nerves

  • Very fast action
  • Act for a short time
  • Act on very precise situations
• Give 3 characteristics of hormones

  Slower action

  Act for a long time

  Act in a more general way
• What is Insulin used for?

  Reducing blood glucose levels
• How many types of diabetes are there ?

  2
• What happens in type 1 diabetes?

  The pancreas produces little or no insulin
• How do you treat Diabetes type 1?

  Need injections of insulin throughout the day
• What is type 2 diabetes?

  Where a person becomes resistant to their own insulin
• What can type 2 diabetes be influenced by?

  a person's lifestyle choices
• How do you treat Diabetes type 2?

  eating a carbohydrate -controlled diet and doing controlled regular exercise
• How many different stages are there in a Menstrual Cycle?

  4 stages
• What is stage one of the Menstrual Cycle?

  Menstruation (bleeding) starts, the uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days