Protista

• Kingdom Protista


  Unicellular, Eukaryotic, Animal-like, plant-like, fungi-like, Part of plankton, organisms that float near the surface of the water and provide food for larger organisms
• Protist

  • Plant-like, Animal-like, Fungal-like
• Plant-like Protists

  • Algae
• Algae


  • Autotrophic - contain chlorophyll, Do not have stemlike, rootlike or leaflike structures unlike plants, Major producers of food in aquatic environments
• Phyla of Algae

  • Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
  • Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
  • Chrysophyta (Diatoms)
  • Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
  • Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates)
• Chlorophyta (Green Algae)


  • Live in the ocean, fresh water, Some are yellowish or brownish, a few are blue-green, Some clump together in differently sized and shaped groups called colonies, Some are in filaments, end to end chain of cells
• Unicellular Green Algae


  • Chlorella, Chlamydomonas
• Desmids


  • Consist of two identical semicells with a belt-like constriction about its middle
• Volvox


  • Lives in a colony that is hollow, with watery fluid filling the inner cavity
• Ulothrix


  • Attached to rocks by a holdfast, special type of anchoring cell
• Spirogyra


  • Ribbonlike, spiral chloroplasts; undergoes conjugation, temporary union to exchange genetic material
• Chrysophyta (Diatoms)


  • Part of the phytoplankton, photosynthetic organisms that are suspended but sink slowly in the water, Cell walls are made of silica (found in sand & glass) that act as "glass houses", Cell wall has two halves (valves)
• Diatoms


  • diatomos: "cut in two", diatomaceous earth - silica remains of diatoms; used in making toothpastes, scouring powder, filters, bricks, dynamite
• Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)


  • Contains chlorophyll but is masked by the golden-brown pigment (fucoxanthin), Seaweeds - large saltwater algae, Rocky coasts in north temperate zone
• Kelps


  • Largest brown algae, Attached to the ocean floor by holdfasts, Algin - used in foods, fertilizer
• Rockweeds


  • Attached to rocks by means of holdfast, Gas-filled air bladders serve as floats, Source of algin
• Sargassum


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• Rhodophyta (Red Algae)


  • Live in warmer seawater, growing in both shallow and deep waters
• Irish moss Chondrus crispus


  • Source of carrageenin, gelatinous substance used in many products (ex.chocolate, cosmetics)
• Nori

  • Paper-thin, glossy sheets make a mineral-rich wrap for rice, seafood, and vegetables in sushi
• Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates)


  • Have two unlike flagella, Red tide - happens when dinoflagellates bloom or grow rapidly that the water turns pink and produces nerve poison, Bioluminescent
• Protist - Animal-like

  Tiny animal-like creatures composed of a single cell, Require water to live, Heterotrophic/ autotrophic
• Phylum Euglenophyta


  • Euglena - freshwater unicellular protists that contain chlorophyll, Pellicle - thick membrane covering the body of a Euglena and acts as a cell wall, Uses flagella for movement, Euglenoid movement
• Euglena

  • Contractile vacuole - stores and discharges liquid wastes, Eyespot - directs the euglena toward the light, Binary fission - euglena splits lengthwise
• Phylum Sarcodina


  • Sarcodines - protozoa that have flexible bodies and can change shape at will, Amoeba - most common sarcodine, Pseudopods - "false feet"; fingerlike projections of the cell membrane for locomotion and food ingestion
• Amoeba

  • Amoeba proteus - causes amoebiasis, Entamoeba histolytica - causes amoebic dysentery, Contractile vacuole regulates water content of the cell, Reproduces by fission
• Foraminifera

  • Produce shells made of calcium carbonate, Pseudopods project through holes in the shell, Form chalk or limestone, White Cliffs of Dover
• Radiolarian

  • Secrete intricate shells made of silica or strontium sulfate
• Phylum Ciliophora

  • Cilia - hairlike projections, Paramecium - unique slipper shape, Macronucleus - controls the basic activities of the organism, Micronucleus - functions in reproduction
• Paramecium

  • Pellicle - reinforced by strong fibers; used for respiration by diffusion of O2, Trichocysts - discharge long, barbed threads that are useful for defense and for capturing prey, Reproduce by fission and conjugation
• Phylum Zoomastigophora

  • Zooflagellates - colorless, no plastids, heterotrophic
• Trypanosomes

  • Transmitted by the tsetse fly, causes African sleeping sickness
• Phylum Sporozoa

  • Sporozoa - spore-forming protozoa, Nonmotile parasites, Requires vectors to be able to transfer to hosts
• Plasmodium vivax

  • Causes malaria
• Anopheles mosquito

  • Vector of Plasmodium vivax
• Protist - Fungal-like

  • Slime Molds - saprophytes or parasites, Have flagellated cells at some point during their life cycle, Play an important part in the decay of old logs and dead leaves in the forest
• Algae Phyla

  • Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
  • Chrysophyta (Diatoms)
  • Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
  • Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
  • Dynophyta (Dinoflagellates)
• Protozoa Phyla

  • Euglenophyta
  • Sarcodina
  • Ciliophora
  • Zoomastigophora
  • Sporozoa
• Locomotion of Protozoa

  Euglenophyta - flagella, Sarcodina - pseudopods (false feet), Ciliophora - cilia, Zoomastigophora - two flagella, Sporozoa - none