cellular respiration

• what is glycolysis

  the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
• where does glycolysis occur?

  cytoplasm
• why is ATP required for glycolysis

  for the phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates, during the energy investment phase of glycolysis
• what does the generation of more ATP during the energy pay off phase result in?

  a net gain of ATP
• what happens in aerobic conditions

  pyruvate is broken down to an acetyl group that combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A
• in the citric acid cycle, what happens to the acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A?

  it combines with oxeloacetate to form citrate
• in the citric acid cycle, what happens during a series of enzyme controlled steps?

  citrate is gradually converted back into oxaloacetate
• where does the citric acid cycle take place?

  the matrix of the mitochondria
• what do dehydrogenase enzymes do

  remove hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them to the coenzyme NAD forming NADH.
• dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them to NAD forming NADH, but in what stage(s) does this occur


  glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
• where are the hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH are passed to?

  the electron transport chain
• where is the electron transport chain

  on the inner mitochondrial membrane
• in the a absence of oxygen what takes place

  fermentation
• where does fermentation occur


  cytoplasm
• what happens in fermentation in animals

  pyruvate is converted to lactate in a reversible reaction.
• what happens with fermentation in In plants and yeast

  ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced in an irreversible reaction.
• in ATP synthesis electrons are passed along what?

  the electron transport chain
• when electrons are passed along the electron transport chain what does it release?

  energy
• what is the electron transport chain?

  a series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane
• what does the energy allow in ATP synthesis?

  hydrogen ions to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
• what does the flow of these ions back through the membrane protein ATP synthase results in? 


  the production of ATP.
• what happens in the final stage of the ATP synthesis?

  hydrogen ions and electrons combine with oxygen to form water.
• what does fermentation result in?

  much less ATP being produced than in aerobic respiration
• what is the role of ATP

  it is used to transfer energy to cellular processes which require energy