CHAPTER: MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION IN SPORTS

• Management - a key factor to success in any physical and sports education program
• Organization - the structural planning of roles to implement necessary functions
• Management - deals with the tasks and accountabilities needed to accomplish the objectives through cooperation
• In planning, program strategies are laid out to achieve the desired outcome.
• Organizing aids in developing a group structure with a definite scope of work.
• Staffing is the recruitment, selection, and retention of members.
• Leading is directing the organization to motivate and empower individuals.
• Controlling ensures proper plan execution within the goals of the organization.
• Tournament officials are in charge of officiating the event.
• Outside officiating requires external officials, usually hired, or volunteers assigned by the organizers to implement the rules and code of conduct of the game or the tournament.
• Self-officiating happens when there are no "outside" officials.
• Court or field officials are officials within the game court or field, calling the violations and penalties.
• Table officials are those who handle time, scores, reviews, and record statistics.
• Challenge Tournament - has levels where winners go up and losers go down from their respective positions.
• Ladder Tournament suits single-player competitions like tennis or badminton where participants challenge each other in one-on-one matches.
• Pyramid tournament is almost like the ladder tournament except that it has more players at the lower level.
• Spider Web tournament is a bracketing design taken from the shape of a spider web.
• Lombard Round-robin is a round-robin variation used for a limited allotted period.
• Round-robin is a format where each team plays a number of games (n-1) depending on how many teams are participating.
• An Elimination Tournament is for a short round of matches. Single or pair losses instantly eliminate participants. This is suitable for time-constrained events but is disadvantageous for maximal play.
• Single or straight elimination is when a player or a team loses, they get eliminated, while the winning (player or team) continues to play to the next round.
• Double elimination is similar to single elimination except that a player

  or team gets eliminated after losing twice.
• Marketing is an important process during the conduct of physical education (PE), recreation, and sports programs.

  Marketing involves planning, analysis, management, and implementation of designed programs by organizations or schools to satisfy a consumer's or participant's needs.
• Customer Principle. Marketing should focus on customers, as they are the "life source" of the organization.
• Competition Principle. A value-based marketing examines the competitors' programs, competence, and benefits that influence participants.
• Practice Principle. PE and sports managers are expected to be extra active and pioneering, not sensitive, in marketing and image management approaches.
• Cross-functional Principle. Marketing has just been recently integrated into many sports-related programs, but it has become vital in sustaining the programs of schools and institutions.
• Continuous Improvement Principle. All involved, including managers in PE and recreation and sports programs, must persistently strive to enhance programs, processes, operations, facilities, services, and instructional delivery.
• Stakeholder Principle. While most proposals are concentrated on a certain public segment, other stakeholders, like consumers, employees, and society at large should also be considered.
• Organization Mission and Objectives. The foundation of the marketing process is anchored on the organization's mission and objectives.
• Marketing Opportunity Analysis. Market analysis determines what people want the organization to deliver and satisfy.
• Market Strategy. Marketing strategy comprises a mixture of three activities: determining target markets, establishing marketing objectives, and developing and maintaining a suitable marketing mix.
• Implementation. This is the part of the marketing process where the plans and strategies are executed in line with the target objectives.
• Evaluation. This is the final stage of the continuous marketing process in PE, recreation, and sports. It requires an assessment of the achievement of the marketing objectives in a particular period.