Anaerobic (+) bacteria

• Clostridium spp.


  It is a type of gram positive (+) bacilli which is a spore-forming anaerobic bacteria (genus)
• Human and Animals


  Two habitats of Clostridium spp.
• Negative


  Clostridium spp. reaction in the Catalase test
• Clostridium spp. is a type of bacteria known as saccharolytic bacteria that could hydrolyze complex carbohydrates into simpler ones
• Two species of the Clostridium genera that are NOT a saccharolytic bacteria:

  • Clostridium tetani
  • Clostridium septicum
• C. tetani and C. septicum are capable of swarming on culture media
• Neurotoxin


  A category of Clostridium species that targets the Central Nervous system (according to the toxin it produced)
• Histotoxin


  A category of Clostridium species that targets the tissues (according to the toxin it produced)
• Enteric


  A category of Clostridium species that targets the gastrointestinal tract (according to the toxin it produced)
• 2 Clostridium species that are NEUROTOXIN which target the central nervous system:

  • Clostridium tetani
  • Clostridium botulinum
• 2 Clostridium species that are HISTOTOXIN which target the tissues:

  • Clostridium septicum
  • Clostridium perfringens
• A type of Clostridium species that is ENTERIC which target the gastrointestinal tract:

  • Clostridium difficile
• Clostridium spp. are medically important organisms, causing serious infections due to their virulence factors, or their capability of producing toxins
• Clostridium spp.


  A spore-forming, gram positive bacilli , anaerobic and a catalase negative bacteria
• Bacillus spp.


  A spore-forming, gram positive bacilli , aerobic and a catalase positive bacteria
• FALSE

  TRUE OR FALSE:

  Bacillus spp. is a catalase negative bacteria
• TRUE


  TRUE OR FALSE:

  Clostridium is an anerobic bacteria
• Clostridium perfringens


  The infectious agent of the cutaneous infection called myonecrosis (gas gangrene)
• Clostridium perfringens


  A bacteria that causes food poisoning especially in pork and also causes necrotic enteritis
• Pig bel


  A necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens
• Type C


  What type is Pig bel?
• Clostridium perfringens


  An encapsulated and non-motile bacillus bacteria
• Box car


  A characteristics/appearance seen in Clostridium perfringens
• Subterminal


  Spore location of Clostridium perfringens
• Double Hemolysis


  Hemolysis produced by Clostridium perfringens in BAP
• Teta Toxin


  It causes a complete zone of hemolysis (β) called inner hemolysis
• Inner Hemolysis


  A complete zone of hemolysis (β) due to teta toxin
• Alpha toxin and Lecithinase


  It causes an incomplete zone hemolysis (α) called Outer hemolysis
• Outer hemolysis


  An incomplete zone hemolysis (α) caused by alpha toxin and lecithinase
• CAMP

  An known factor in reverse CAMP
• Phospholipase C


  An unknown factor in reverse CAMP
• CAMP and Phospholipase C 


  Both of them will also act synergistically, which produces an enhanced arrow-head shape of hemolysis.
• Nagler Reaction


  It is also known as Lecithinase Test
• Nagler Reaction


  It principle is to identify the alpha toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens
• The α-toxin is lecithinase, which will hydrolyze the phospholipid lecithin that can be seen in the culture media (egg-yolk based media)
• The activity of lecithinase is demonstrated by the growth of the bacteria on the agar containing egg yolk and the presence of α-toxin on the other half as well as no or free from α-toxin on the remaining half.
• An agar containing lecithin that can be used in Nagler Reaction:

  • McClung Toabe;
  • Neomycin Egg yolk
• Positive


  A reaction that have precipitin/opalescence around the colonies or the side without anti-toxin
• Negative


  A reaction with NO precipitin/opalescence on the side with or without anti-toxin.
• Anti-toxin


  It inhibits opalescence in Nagler Reaction