قناة الملك علاوي

• كائن


  في عادة
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• Protozoan


  organism, usually single-celled and heterotrophic (using organic carbon as a source of energy), belonging to any of the major lineages of protists and, like most protists, typically microscopic. All protozoans are eukaryotes and therefore possess a "true," or membrane-bound, nucleus. They also are no filamentous (in contrast to organisms such as molds, a group of fungi, which have filaments called hyphae) and are confined to moist or aquatic habitats, being ubiquitous in such environments worldwide, from the South Pole to the North Pole. Many are symbionts of other organisms, and some species are parasites.
• Modern ultrastructural, biochemical, and genetic evidence has rendered the term protozoan highly problematic. For example, protozoan historically referred to a protist that has animal-like traits, such as the ability to move through water as though "swimming" like an animal. the subkingdom Protozoa is now considered obsolete. Today the term protozoan is used informally in reference to no filamentous heterotrophic protists.
• Commonly known protozoans


  • dinoflagellates, amoebas, paramecia, and the malaria-causing Plasmodium
• Protozoan animals


  • Exhibit protoplasmic grade of organization. There is division of labor among various organelles of the cell.
• Protozoan animals


  • Solitary (Euglena)
  • Colonial (Proteospongia)
• Protozoan animals


  • Free living (Amoeba)
  • Symbiotic (Parasitic, mutualistic or commensalistic)
• Body symmetry


  • Symmetrical (Actinopodeans)
  • Radial (sessile forms)
  • Bilateral (Giardia)
  • Absent (Amoeba)
• Locomotion


  • Pseudopodia
  • Flagella
  • Cilia
  • Myonemes
• Asexual reproduction


  1. Binary fission

  2. Multiple fission

  3. Plasmotomy

  4. Budding
• Sexual reproduction


  1. Syngamy

  2. Conjugation
• Most accepted classification of protozoa is given by BM Honigberg and others based on the scheme given by the committee on Taxonomy and Taxonomic problems of the society of Protozoologists divides this phyla into 4 subphyla.
• Subphyla of Protozoa


  • SARCOMASTIGOPHORA
  • SPOROZOA
  • MICROSPORIDEA
  • CILIOPHORA
• SARCOMASTIGOPHORA


  • Locomotion by flagella or pseudopodia or both. Presence of monomorphic nuclei.
• Super classes of SARCOMASTIGOPHORA


  • Mastigophora
  • Opalinata
  • Sarcodina
• Mastigophora


  Body covered by pellicle. Locomotory organelles are flagella. Asexual reproduction by longitudinal binary fission.
• Classes of Mastigophora


  • Phytomastigophora
  • Zoomastigophora
• Phytomastigophora


  Have chromatophores with chlorophyll. Nutrition is mainly holophytic (photosynthesis).
• Zoomastigophora


  Do not have chlorophyll bearing chromatophores. Nutrition is holozoic or saprozoic.
• Opalinata


  Live as commensals or parasites in the gut of anurans. Body covered by oblique rows of cilia-like flagella. May have 2 or many nuclei. Asexual reproduction by binary fission or syngamy. Sexual reproduction by anisogamy.
• Sarcodina


  Locomotion by pseudopodia. Body is amoeboid without definite pellicle. Nutrition is holozoic or saprozoic.
• Classes of Sarcodina


  • Rhizopodea
  • Piroplasmea
  • Actinopodea
• SPOROZOA


  • Exclusively endoparasites. Lack special locomotory organelles.
• Microsporidea


  Spores are small and developed from only one nucleus. Have single valve. Generally intracellular parasites. Some have a single polar filament.
• CILIOPHORA


  • Locomotory organelle is cilia. Cilia also help in feeding. Nuclei are dimorphic (macronucleus and micronucleus). Asexual reproduction by binary fission. Sexual reproduction by conjugation.
• Ciliates


  • Paramoecium, Vorticella, Balatidium
• Kingdom of Fungi


  One of the widest phyla of organisms spread all over the world inhabiting all substrates and climate conditions
• Five true phyla of fungi


  • Chytridiomycota
  • Zygomycota
  • Ascomycota
  • Basidiomycota
  • Glomeromycota
• Fungi


  • Eukaryotic organisms
  • Structure: Thallus
  • Spread in different places in wet soil, dry in fresh and salt water, in the air
  • Attacked many plants, animals and humans
  • Used as food
  • Microorganisms without chlorophyll, so they are heterotrophs
• Morphology of fungi


  • Consist of either unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (mold) structures
  • Filamentous structures called hyphae
  • Hyphae may be divided into cells (septate) or undivided (coenocytic)
• Mycelium


  • Fine network of hyphae
• Fungal nutrition


  • Absorptive
  • Use enzymes to break down complex molecules into small organic compounds, then absorb them
• Types of fungal nutrition


  • Saprophytism
  • Parasitism
  • Symbiosis
• Saprophytism


  Living on remains of organisms (plants and animals), on dead cells
• Types of saprophytism


  • Obligate saprophytism
  • Facultative saprophytism
• Obligate saprophytism


  Living only on dead cells, e.g. Penicillium, bread mold
• Facultative saprophytism


  Usually living parasitic, but if not find the host they live saprophytically, e.g. Smut fungi
• Parasitism


  Living on or inside tissues of organisms, causing diseases