water insecurity

• over abstraction- aral sea

  o   Former large lake found on the boarder of Kazakhstan 

  o   Over abstraction shrank lake from 1960-2010 to 10% of its original size

  o   This is via irrigation channels built to divert water away from main rivers to surrounding cotton fields- however most water lost via leakages 

  o   Additionally, in July temperatures can peak to 30 degrees which leads to evaporation from lake however water lost via evaporation not replenished due to these irrigation channels
• water insecurity- conflicts- RIVER NILE

  • The river Nile flows through 11 countries in northeast Africa
  • Disputes between downstream countries e.g., Sudan and Egypt which use more water and upstream countries e.g., Ethiopia which want to use more water

  In 1959 agreement reached that Egypt and Sudan have priority use and can stop any development along the river which threatens their water supply 
• river nile

  o   In 2020, Ethiopia finished building the grand Ethiopian renaissance dam which is used for HEP and to control the flow of the river to prevent flooding or drought, however Egypt had concerns over this, as large volumes of water are vulnerable to evaporation, meaning their water supply may be at risk leading to disputes