Holderness

• 61 km


  length of Holderness Coastline from Flamborough Head to Spurn Head
• Boulder clay


  what are most of the cliffs made of?
• 10 m/year


  rate of erosion at Great Cowden
• Mass movement


  the soft boulder clay cliffs are prone to slumping when it's wet. Water makes the clay heavier and acts as a lubricant between particles which makes it unstable.
• South


  direction of longshore drift
• Deposition


  What happens where the ocean current meets the outflow of the Humber River?
• Spurn Head


  Spit with a recurved end that extends across the mouth of the Humber Estuary. To the landward side of the spit, estuarine mudflats and saltmarshes have formed
• Flamborough Head


  Chalk headland to the north of the area.
• Beaches, sand dunes and spit,


  depositional landforms
• 4km


  amount Holderness Coastline has retreated by in the past 2000 years.
• 30


  number of villages lost to the sea
• 80000m2


  amount of good quality farmland lost each year to the sea. This has a huge effect of farmers' livelihoods
• Gas terminal at Easington


  Only 25m from the cliff edge, if it is lost it will be a loss of infrastructure
• SSSIs


  the Lagoons near Easington provide habitats for birds, could be lost due to erosion
• 11.4km


  Amount of the 61km coastline currently protected by hard engineering
• 4.7km sea wall and timber groynes

  how is Bridlington protected?
• Concrete sea wall


  timber groynes and riprap, how is Hornsea protected?
• Two rock groynes and 500m revetement


  how is Mappleton protected?
• £2 million


  cost of protection at Mappleton.
• B1242


  road protected in Mappleton
• Rock revetments


  how is Easington Gas Terminal protected? (Defences only protect gas terminal, not the village which has a population of 700 people)
• Groynes and riprap


  how is the eastern side of Spurn Head protected?
• Holding the line


  SMP for Holderness for the next 50 years recommends this for some settlements including Bridlington, Withernsea, Hornsea, Mappleton and Easington Gas Terminal
• Doing nothing


  SMP along less-populated stretches, this is unpopular with landowners of these areas
• Managed realignment


  SMP suggested for areas such as caravan parks as it would be more sustainable
• 1995


  when did Holderness Borough Council decide to stop trying to protect Spurn Head?
• Damage to marsh environments and Coastguard station

  risks of not protecting Spurn Head
• Unsustainable


  How sustainable are the existing schemes? (groynes trap sediment and lead to increased erosion elsewhere e.g Mappleton and is causing the formation of bays. As bays develop the wave pressure on headlands will increase and eventually the cost of maintaining sea defences may become too high)