BIO 101 OER

• Proper method for carrying a microscope

  • With one hand on the neck and one hand on the base
  • With both hands on the base
  • With both hands on the arm
  • With only one hand to prevent fingerprints and smudges
  • With only one hand on the arm
• Best way to care for a microscope


  • Don't dismantle the microscope to clean inaccessible parts
  • Don't clean the eyepiece with anything but lens tissue
  • Don't exchange lenses or part of the microscope
  • Clean immersion oil from objective lens after use
• Cytokinensis


  Cell division
• Distinction between Mitosis and Meiosis

  • Chromosomes involved are most distinct at metaphase
  • Chromosomes involved are bi-stranded
  • The pairing of homologous chromosomes to form bivalents
  • Spindle fiber formation from both poles to enact anaphase movement
• Importance of centromere to chromosome


  • Centromere position confer morphology on chromosomes
• Odd one out


  • Speciation
• TROF statement(s)


  • Meiosis produces four daughter cells each having half the number of chromosome as their mother cell
  • Mitosis produces four daughter cells each with the same number of chromosomes as their mother cell
• Chromosomes are aligned at the centre of the cell by the

  Spindle fibre
• Based on function polysaccharides are classified as


  • Structural
  • Storage
• Assumptions of the Hardy Weinberg principle


  • The population size must be very large
  • Mating within population must be non-random
  • There must not be any migration of individuals into or out of the population
  • Mutation must not occur
• Statements on Allopatric speciation


  • They occur when a population is split into two
  • The two subpopulations may not be geographically isolated
  • The new species cannot interbreed with one another
  • They are the most common form of speciation
• Charles Darwin's observations


  • Climate and other factors do not play a role in plant and animal diversity
  • Members of the same species often change slightly in appearance after geographical isolation from one another
  • Organisms of the past and present are related to one another
  • Organisms living in oceanic islands often resembled organism found living in a close mainland
• Genetic drift that occurs when a new individuals from a population colonizes new habitats thereby having a new colony with less variation

  Founder's effect
• Dinosaurs appeared during the


  Mesozoic era
• Evolution trend in segmentation


  • Division of plant and animal body plans into series of repetitive segments
  • Concentration of nervous tissues in one end of an organism
  • Development from radial symmetry to bilateral symmetry
  • Formation of a coelomic body cavity
• Proteins are synthesized in the

  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Plant cell lacks


  • Centriole
• The "Roads"


  Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Both plant and animal cells contain


  • Cell membrane, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoplasm
• The organelle that is lipid bi-layer in nature

  Cell membrane
• Key words in the description of a microscope


  • Compound
  • Magnifier
• Odd one out of the following options

  • The base
• Parts of a microscope used for focusing on specimen


  • Fine tuning and coarse adjustment knob
  • Objective and eye piece
• Carbohydrates


  Poly(hydroxy)aldehydes and ketones
• Based on composition they are classified as


  • homopolysaccharide
  • heteropolysaccharide
• Triacyglycerols


  Esters of fatty acids
• Lipids


  Insoluble in water
• Primary structure


  The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
• Secondary structure


  Held together by hydrogen bonds
• Nucleotides


  Composed of base, phosphate and pentose sugar
• Phosphodiester bond


  Holds nucleotides together in polynucleotides
• RNA


  Single stranded
• DNA


  Double stranded
• Guanine and Cytosine


  Held together by triple hydrogen bonds
• Thymine and adenine


  Held together by double hydrogen bonds
• Codon


  A sequence of 3 nucleotide bases that codes for one amino acid
• Regeneration


  The ability to reproduce lost parts in some organisms through mitosis
• Synapsis


  The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
• Meiosis


  Concerned with genetic variation
• Meiosis


  The main feature is cell reduction