memory

• who created the multi store memory model ?

  Atkinson and shiffrin
• when did Atkinson and shifferon create the multi store model of memory ?

  1968
• what is the multi store model of memory ?

  theoretical cognitive model of how the memory system processes information
• what three stores does the multi store memory model contain ?


  short term , long term and sensory register
• what is the sensory register ?


  another form of the short term memory
• what was the first memory store in the multi store model of memory ?

  sensory registor
• what is the sensory register ?


  a store that receives raw information which is passed to the sum via attention
• how is the sensory register coded ?


  it is modality specific
• what is the capacity of the sensory register ?

  very large and includes all sense impressions in each moment
• what is the duration of the sensory register ?


  very short around 250 ms for vision but it varies per store
• define the second memory store of the multi store memory ?

  short term memory
• what is the short term memory in terms of the second multi sore memory model ?


  a temporary and active store and it receives information from ltm and keeps information in the STM or passes to the LTM.
• how's the short term memory coded ?

  acoustically
• what is the duration of the short term memory ?

  18-30 seconds
• what is the capacity of the short term memory ?


  7+/-2
• define the third memory store of the multi store model of memory ?

  long term memory
• define long term memory ?


  when information enters the LTM from the STM via rehearsal. to use it information is passed to STM.
• How is the long term memory coded ?

  semantically
• what is the duration of the long term memory ?


  very long duration and can be permanent
• what is the capacity of the long term memory ?

  theoretically unlimited
• Sensory Register


  Receives raw sense impressions from the environment
• Information processing in the Multi-Store Model of Memory


  1. Information paid attention to is passed to the STM

  2. Information not paid attention to is lost

  3. Information held in STM via maintenance rehearsal

  4. Information passed to LTM via elaborative rehearsal

  5. Information not passed to LTM is lost

  6. Information in LTM is passed to STM via retrieval
• Multi-Store Model of Memory


  • It is a linear model; this means information flows through the system in one direction
  • Passive stores: the stores of the MSM simply hold on to information before being passed on or lost
• Sperling's support of the duration of the Sensory Register


  1. Participants could only recall the first 4-5 letters

  2. Letters faded from sensory memory quickly, before they could be paid attention to and passed to the STM

  3. Suggesting duration of sensory memory is < 1sec
• Outline Jacobs' (1887) support of one aspect of the Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM).


  investigated the capacity of the STM. he found recall for lists of letters was on average 7 and 9 for numbers suggesting a limited capacity for the STM. however capacity can be improved by chunking which is making small sets / groups of items.
• outline baddelys research into the coding in the STM?


  baddeley gave four 10 word lists to 4 participant groups. word lists were acoustically similar or dissimilar , semantically similar or dissimilar . he found an immediate recall was worse for the acoustically similar words. this suggests STM is coded acoustically.
• outline baddeleys research on the coding of the LTM ?


  Baddeley gave four 10-word lists to 4 participants groups. word lists were acoustically similar and dissimilar. he found recall after a delay of 20 mins was worse with the semantically similar words . this suggests LTM is coded semantically.
• outline Peterson and Peterson support of one aspect of the multi store model of memory ?


  Peterson and Peterson investigated the duration of STM. investigated the duration of STM. they gave participators three letter trigrams at the same time as asking participants to perform an interference task . they found recall was less that 10 percent after 18 seconds. suggesting STM duration is very short.
• outline wagnaars support of one aspect of LTM ?


  wagnaar investigated the capacity of the LTM store . He created a diary (2400 events over six years). he tested himself on events and found 75 % recall after one year and 45 % after five years. suggesting a very large capacity potentially limitless.
• outline Bahricks (1975) support of one aspect of the LTM ?


  Barrack investigated the duration of LTM. he found recall of the school friends from photographs was 90% after 15years and recall was still 80% for names after 48 years. suggesting the duration of the LTM is potentially limitless.
• why may the MSM be too simplistic as an explanation for memory ?


  the MSM sees each store as a single unit. However there seems to be different types of LTM and the WMM explains STM as a much more active systems with multiple stores.
• why may the features of the STM not be fixed as suggested by the MSM ?


  the capacity of the STM can be altered significantly by factors such as age and practice so the view of the STM capacity as fixed is incorrect.
• what are the three types of LTM?

  Procedural, semantic, episodic
• define episodic LTM ?


  Specific events or experiences stored in long-term memory.
• Define semantic of LTM ?

  memories of facts meanings concepts and knowledge about the external world. semantic memories are declarative ( can be expressed in words)
• define procedural LTM ?


  memories of skills ad how to do things (riding a bike , tying a shoelace) non decalarative (cant be put into words) as unconscious "muscle memory"
• what are the three features of episodic LTM ?


  time stamped which can be recalled consciously. auto biographical if feeling strong emotions when coded this increases the strength of recall. coded in the prefrontal cortex stored across in the brain.
• what are the three features of semantic LTM ?


  memories are stronger if processes deeply. can be recalled consciously last longer than episodic . episodic memories become semantic over time and a number of brain areas are associated ( perirhinal cortex)
• what are the three features of procedural LTM ?


  unconscious memories often learnt in childhood and are more resistant to forgetting than other types . automatic language shows a link to semantic memory. often stored in motor cortex/cerebellum.
• what types of amnesia does Clive wearing have ?


  Clive wearing has retrograde and can't remember his past and anterograde can't make new memories amnesia.