Kingdoms

• The three domains are further divided into four kingdoms
• 1. Protoctista 

  Eukaryotic organisms (single celled/groups of similar cells)  

  Great diversity  

  • Algae (plant) / Protozoa (animal)  
  • Protozoa: 
  • No cell wall, chloroplasts, or vacuole 
  • Have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane 
  • Algae:  
  • Cellulose, cell wall, chloroplast 
• Types of fungi


  • Mushrooms
  • Yeast
  • Mold
  • Mildew
  • Rusts
• Eukaryotic


  Organisms with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Heterotrophic


  Organisms that use organic compounds (carbon) made by other organisms as their source of energy and molecules for metabolism
• Fungi

  • Use dead or decaying matter (Saprotrophic) as a source of energy and molecules
  • Feed as parasites on living organisms
  • No chloroplast, chlorophyll, or photosynthesis
• Fungi


  • Reproduce by spores
  • Produce sexually or asexually
  • Have a simple body form
• Fungi


  • Unicellular or made of long threads called hyphae (thread like structures) with or without cross walls
  • Cell walls of chitin (Not cellulose)
  • No cilia or flagella
• Larger fungi


  • Possess fruiting bodies that release large numbers of spores
• Fungi have 80s ribosomes
• Plantaecan come in two types:


  • Vascular
  • Nonvascular
• VascularPlantae


  • Conifers
  • Angiosperms (flowering plants)
• NonvascularPlantae


  • Liverworts
  • Mosses
• Plantae


  • Multicellular
  • Contains chloroplasts and chlorophyll (not all have chloroplasts)
  • Photosynthesis
  • Autotrophic
  • Can synthesize their organic compounds and molecules for energy use and building biomass from inorganic compounds
  • Have cell walls (Cellulose)
  • Make starch (food)
  • Occasionally have Flagella (male gametes in ferns)
  • Large, permanent vacuole for support
  • Cells are differentiated to form different tissues and organs
  • Complicated body forms
  • Branching systems above and below ground
• 1. Animalia 

  • Multicellular eukaryotes with different types of specialized cells 
  • Cells that are differentiated to form tissues and organs 
  • Wide range of body forms 
  • Communication through nervous system + chemical signalling 
  • No chloroplast, cannot photosynthesize (Coral polup have photosynthetic protocists living within tissue) 
  • Small temporary vacuoles (lysosomes and vacuoles)  
  • Heretotrophic nutrition 
  • Wide range of feeding mechanisms 
  • No cell walls 
  • Communication through nervous system + chemical signalling 
  • Some specialized cells have cillia (Cilliated epithilium)  
• Viruses are not in the domain classification system because they have no features of traditional classification (reproduction)
• Viruses


  • Microorganisms with structures that are only visible with electron microscopes
  • Acellular (no cell structure)
  • When free in environment, infectious but have no metabolism
  • Have particles made of proteins and nucleic acid
• Virus infection of cells

  1. Use biochemical machinery of host cells to copy the viral nucleic acids and make viral proteins

  2. Often leads to the destruction of host cells eventually

  3. Energy for process provided by respiration in host cell
• viral classification

  • Type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
  • Single / double stranded
  • Type of diseases it causes
• Virus structure

  • Genetic material (DNA or RNA, latter named retroviruses)
  • Membrane envelope and capsid (caspids)
  • Layer of fatty acid coats many viruses, usually derived from the membrane of host cell
  • Ligands (Proteins that stick out if the surface of the virus, act as a key to recognize the cell to be infected and invade it)
• Viruses can have both single and double stranded DNA / RNA