BIOLOGY SAC 3 REVISION: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• What does chlorophyll do and where is it located in the cell?


  Located in the chloroplast, absorbs light energy
• What are accessory pigments?


  chlorophyll b and carotenoids, light absorbing compounds
• What colours of light are absorbed by chlorophyll?


  red and blue
• What is the chemical equation that occurs in chloroplasts?


  6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Which of the five kingdoms have cells containing chloroplasts?


  plants
• Where does the light dependent phase of photosynthesis take place?


  grana
• What are the inputs and outputs of the light dependent phase of photosynthesis?


  inputs= sunlight, h2o, NADP+, ADP

  outputs= NADPH, ATP, o2
• Where does the light independent stage of photosynthesis occur?


  the stroma
• What are the inputs and outputs of the light independent stage of photosynthesis?


  inputs= NADPH, CO2, ATP

  outputs= NADP+, ADP +Pi, Glucose
• Where does the oxygen produced in photosynthesis come from?


  Within the cell, the water is oxidized and loses electrons, transforming the water into oxygen
• What are the loaded coenzymes that enter the light-independent stage of photosynthesis?

  ATP and NADPH
• Where does carbon fixation occur in c4 plants?


  mesophyll cells
• What is carbon fixation?


  the incorporation of carbon into organic compounds by living organisms
• Where does carbon fixation occur in CAM plants?


  through the stomata opening
• What is photorespiration?


  the process in which plants absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide , the opposite process to photosynthesis
• Where does malate generated by c4 and CAM plants go after it is produced?


  vacuoles
• What two benefits to agriculture does CRISPR CAS 9 aim to produce ?


  increase crop yield and photosynthesis efficiency
• What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?


  light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature
• What does the plateau of the light saturation curve represent?


  peak of photosynthesis efficiency is reached
• Why do plants have an optimum temperature for performing photosynthesis?


  as it is an enzyme controlled process
• Do all organisms conduct cellular respiration?


  yes, excluding some bacteria
• What is the word equation that occurs in the mitochrondria?

  glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
• Which of the five kingdoms of cells have mitochrondria?


  Animals, plants, fungi and protists
• Where does glycolysis occur?


  cytosol
• What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis?


  inputs = Glucose, ADP, NAD+

  outputs= Pyruvate, ATP, NADH
• Where does the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondria?

  Matrix, inner compartment of mitochrondria
• What are the inputs and outputs of the krebs cycle?


  inputs= Acetyl CoA, pyruvate, NAD+, FAD, ADP + Pi

  outputs= carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, ATP, Acetyl coA
• What are the two loaded coenzymes in the krebs cycle?


  NADH and FADH2
• Where does electron transport occur in the mitochrondria?


  Inner membrane of mitochrondria (cristae)
• What are the inputs and outputs of the electron transport chain?


  inputs= glucose, oxygen, NADH, FADH2

  outputs= Carbon dioxide, water, NAD, FAD, ATP
• What are the factors that affect the rate of cellular respiration?


  Temperature, glucose and oxygen availability
• How does temperature affect the rate of cellular respiration?


  decreased temperature - decreased movement, decreased enzyme substrate collision, decreased reaction rate

  Increased temperature from optimal- denatures enzymes, prevents enzyme substrate complex forming: active site is lost
• How does glucose availability impact cellular respiration?


  increased reaction rate, increased collisions - increased until enzyme saturation point
• How does oxygen availability impact cellular respiration?


  increased reaction rate

  If we decrease electrons and loaded coenzymes accumulate, decreases previous reactions and overall reaction
• How many molecules of ATP are produced through glycolysis?


  2
• How many molecules of ATP are produced through the krebs cycle?


  2
• How many molecules of ATP are produced through the electron transport chain?


  28
• What is a coenzyme?


  a small organic molecule that combines with an enzyme and is necessary for its activity
• What is the difference between a loaded and unloaded coenzyme?


  loaded coenzymes have protein/electron/molecule, high energy state but unloaded coenzymes can accept proton, electron, molecule and are in a low energy state
• What are two loaded coenzymes used in photosynthesis?


  ATP and NADPH