LESSON 54

• LAND GRADING is the operation carried out to reshape the land by cutting, filling and smoothing to a designed continuous surface grade.
• TOPOGRAPHIC MAP is a map that contains the information about the general topography of an area on the earth surface
• The topographic map includes :

  CONTOUR LINES

  NATURAL FEATURES

  MAN-MADE FEATURES
• CONTOUR LINES is an imaginary line that is obtained by joining the points of constant elevation on the surface of the ground. It represents the topography of an area.
• LAND LEVELING is the process of modifying the surface relief by grading and smoothing to a planned grade and to certain specifications required to facilitate or to improve the uniform application of water for irrigation and drainage purpose
• TRUE Land levelling should never be planned without knowing the soil-profile conditions and the maximum cut that can be made without seriously affecting agricultural production.
• LAND CLEARING includes removal of unwanted trees, brush, vegetation, trash and boulders from the area specified for land grading. The operation involves heavy earth moving machineries such as bulldozers, root rakes, stumpers, root cutters, rotary choppers and other appropriate machinery.
• CRITERIA FOR LAND LEVELING:

  SOIL PROFILE CONDITION

  LAND SLOPE

  IRRIGATION METHODS

  FARMER'S REQUIREMENT

  CLIMATE

  CROPS TO BE GROWN