structure and bonding

• how do metals and non metals bond?

  ionic bonding
• how do iconic bonds form?

  atoms TRANSFER electrons to each other so they have complete outer shells
• how can we show ionic bonding?


  dot and cross diagrams with arrows
• what structure do ionic compounds have?

  giant ionic lattice
• properties of ionic bonding

  • high melting point
  • high boiling point
  • when molten they can carry a charge and conduct electricity
• what forces hold ionic bonds together

  intermolecular forces
• how do two non metals bond

  covalent bonding
• how do covalent bonds form


  they SHARE electrons
• how forces hold covalent bonds together

  electrostatic forces
• properties of simple molecular substances

  • very strong covalent bonds but weak forces of attraction between them
  • melting and boiling points are low
  • gases or liquids at room temp
  • they dont conduct electricity
• diamond

  • each carbon atom forms four covalent bonds in a very rigid giant covalent structure
• graphite

  • each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds to create layers of hexagons meaning they have one delocalised electron each
• properties of diamond

  • each form 4 covalent bonds
  • very high melting point
  • it doesn't conduct electricity
• properties of graphite

  • sheets of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons
  • layers are help together weakly so they can slide over each other making it a good lubricating tool
  • high melting
  • it has a delocalised electron so it conducts electricity
• properties of fullerene

  • hollow balls
  • arranged in hexagons and pentagons
  • huge surface area
• how can nanoparticles be used

  • huge surface area to volume ratio
  • nano medicine - they are absorbed into the body easily
  • some conduct electricity
  • antibacterial properties
  • cosmetics