carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides

  Single sugar molecule, soluble in water (hydrophilic)
• Monomers

  Small repeating molecules that make up larger molecules (polymers)
• Monosaccharides


  • glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose
• Disaccharides


  Formed when two monosaccharides chemically react
• Disaccharides


  • Maltose = alpha glucose + alpha glucose
  • Sucrose = glucose + fructose
  • Lactose = glucose + galactose
• Forming disaccharides

  1. Condensation reaction

  2. Molecule of water produced
• Breaking down disaccharides


  1. Hydrolysis reaction

  2. Add water to break glycosidic bond
• Polysaccharides


  Large chain of monosaccharides held together by glycosidic bonds through condensation reaction
• Polysaccharides


  • Glycogen
  • Starch
  • formed by condensation of alpha glucose
  • insoluble so don't affect water potential
• Glucose


  • Has 6 carbon atoms (hexose monosaccharide)
• Forming glycosidic bonds


  1. Condensation reaction between two monosaccharides

  2. Removes water
• Cellulose


  • polymer that forms long, straight chains
  • Formed by many condensation reactions, joining beta glucose by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • chains are parallel to each other, held in place by many hydrogen bonds to form fibril
• Amylopectin


  • Highly branched polysaccharide
  • More easily broken down
  • More terminals for hydrolysis
  • Has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• Amylose


  • Unbranched, helix-shaped polysaccharide
  • More compact
  • Has 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • Breaks down into monomers slower