issue 1

• lowland migration

  by 1870 most hay and grain was harvested by machinery as steam power was introduced
• lowland migration

  between 1830 and 1911 the population doubled to 4.8 million
• lowland migration

  farm workers worked long days, with no holidays - unrewarding
• lowland migration

  skilled workers eg: handloom weavers were no longer required and so moved were their skills were still wanted
• highland migration

  potato blight in 1846 - forced people to move in order to avoid starvation
• highland migration

  in 1840s and 1850s landlords used brutal methods to remove their tenants off their land as they found a cheaper method of profit which was allowing sheep to graze in their land
• highland migration

  jobs were scarce due to introduction of machinery. between 1911 and 1951 the population of the Hebrides decreased by 28%
• highland migration

  railway boom in 1840s made it easier for scots to travel
• highland migration

  steamships made travel easier - in 1850 it took 6 weeks to cross the Atlantic in 1914 only 1 week
• highland migration

  there was a lack of social life in the highlands making the city attractive as there are many people and events
• highland migration

  diseases were easily spread due to them seeking shelter with animals in "blackhouses" with little sunlight
• emigration of scots

  most popular destinations: USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia
• emigration of scots to australia

  forced migration - criminals were sent to australia from the UK 1787-1867
• emigration of scots to australia

  7600 convicts were scots
• emigration of scots to australia 


  scots helped establish sheep farming in australia
• emigration of scots to australia

  travel companies advertised themselves and promised work on arrival
• emigration of scots

  mining in USA and canada
• emigration of scots to australia 


  gold rushes in 1800 attracted scots
• emigration of scots

  many scottish people lived in poverty and so were enthused by the idea of migration to other parts of the world and having the chance of better life
• emigration of scots

  higher wages overseas - in USA granite workers could earn more than 3 times as much as in scotland
• lowland migration

  economic depression - poor housing, unemployment, overcrowding - 1 in every 100 families didn't have windows
• lowland migration

  industrialisation - pull factor to cities attracting them to jobs such as shipyards, mining, factories e.g. textiles
• lowland migration

  working conditions were poor with bad ventilation, little lighting and miners had to be underground for long hours
• lowland migration

  factories were dangerous- people often got caught in machinery and some lost their fingers
• lowland migration

  in 1830s Scottish workers were paid 25% less than in england
• lowland migration

  NHS was only introduced in 1948 meaning previously they had to pay for healthcare which they often couldn't afford
• emigration of scots

  son of a scottish emigrant in australia founded a chocolate company that made freddos
• emigration of scots

  Dr John Hutchinson was built his own house in canada as this was the towns first doctor
• emigration of scots

  people in scotland often received letters from friends/family abroad describing better lives which encouraged them to move
• emigration of scots


  scots set up their own highland games, Caledonian societies, Presbyterian churches to maintain scottish links
• emigration of scots


  missionary societies encouraged people to travel in order to spread christianity by paying them for travelling and providing training