Long test questions

• Hormones are chemical messengers produced by cells or organs, which travel through the blood to target tissues where they bind with receptors on cell surfaces.
• The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females), and testes (in males).
• The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
• Binary fission 


  A type of asexual reproduction that takes place when an animal cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
• Capable of reproducing through Fragmentation.

  Starfish
• Hydra


  Reproduces through budding with 32 chromosomes and its offspring have 32 chromosomes as well.
• ....Occurs when the body of the parent grows buds, which eventually falls off and grows on its own.

  Asexual reproduction
• ...Takes two mates to reproduce and takes a longer time to reproduce.

  Sexual reproduction
• Stages that shows incomplete stages of metamorphosis:

  Egg→Nymph→Adult
• Fallopian tube


  The site of fertilization in the female reproductive system.
• Main reproductive organ in females...

  Ovaries
• Hormones that secretes ovaries:

  Estrogen
• The function of the human male reproductive system is....


  To produce sperm and deliver sperm to female
• 9 months 


  How long does the embryo takes to fully develop?
• The innermost part of the flower that contains the ovaries that make the ovules to ve fertilized by the pollen.

  Carples
• The part of the flower that becomes the seed.

  Ovule
• Occurs when pollen lands on a female reproductive structure of the same plant species.


  Pollination
• The process by which a seed begins to sprout and grow into a new plant. Triggered by water, oxygen, and the right temperature.


  Germination
• Autotroph is an organism that...


  Can obtain its own food and can survive on its own.
• Part of omnivore...


  Chicken
• Where protein digestion begins

  Stomach
• The purpose of digestion

  To break down complex food molecules into simple soluble molecules.
• The structure that opens and closes stomata to allow gas exchange but prevent water loss in leaves.

  Guard cells
• The movement of water from the roots to the leaves and its subsequent evaporation from the  leaf surface.

  Transpiration
• A large air-filled space located behind the nose and between the roof of the mouth and the base of the skull. Plays a vital role in the respiration system by helping to clean and humidity the air we breathe.

  Nasal cavity
• Helps in the exchange of gases by allowing oxygen to enter the body through inhalation and CO2 to exit the body through exhalation.

  Respiratory system
• ...carries water and dissolved minerals UP  the plant.

  Xylem vessels
• ... transports nutrients (sugars produced during photosynthesis), both up and down the plant.

  Phloem tissue
• Part of the heart that delivers unoxygenated blood to the lungs.

  Pulmonary artery
• ...have closed and complete circulatory system  

  Birds and mammals
• ...involves the flow of blood between the heart and the lungs.

  Pulmonary circulation
• ...involves the flow of blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

  Systematic circulation
• The role of skin in the Excretory system...

  Removing liquid waste in sweat
• ...moved toxic wastes, dissolved molecules and excess heat, but concludes maintaining homeostasis in the body.

  Excretory system
• Pathway for the removal of urine from the human body.

  Kidney→ureter→urinary bladder→urethra
• ...the process in which useful substances (water, glucose, amino acids, sodium ions) are reabsorbed from the filtrate in the renal tubules back into the bloodstream.


  Reabsorption
• The role of B cell is to...

  Produce antibodies
• ...are proteins produced by B cells in response to the presence of specific antigens.

  Antibodies
• ...A natural response to injury or infection

  Inflammation
• ...a hormone causes cells that are on the dark side to grow faster and promoted elongation of plant cells and in the context of photo trophism 


  Auxin