Walkthrough

• Element Q


  Dull solid with a melting point of 44°C, does not conduct electricity
• Identifying element R


  Determine it is most likely in group B (transition metals) as they can form ions of differing charges
• Differences between physical properties of group 1 and transition elements


  • Group 1 have lower melting/boiling points
  • Group 1 have lower densities
  • Group 1 are less strong/softer
  • Group 1 are more malleable/ductile
  • Transition elements are more useful as catalysts
• Drawing electronic structure of aluminium atom

  1. Determine group (3) and period (3)

  2. Draw 3 electrons in outer shell, 2 electrons in first shell, 8 electrons in second shell
• Delocalized electrons


  Electrons in metals are not attached to specific atoms and can move freely
• Metallic bonding


  Bonding between metal atoms
• Covalent bonding


  Sharing of electrons between non-metal atoms
• Ionic bonding


  Transfer of electrons between metal and non-metal atoms
• Describing reaction between magnesium and oxygen


  1. Magnesium atom loses electrons

  2. Oxygen atom gains electrons

  3. Magnesium loses 2 electrons

  4. Oxygen gains 2 electrons, forming a stable octet
• Group six


  There has to be full outer shells at the end
• Magnesium


  In group two
• Oxygen


  In group six
• Anything below group four (four to the left) will always lose electrons
• Anything to the right will always gain electrons because they always do the easiest thing
• It will be easier to lose less than three electrons so three or few electrons than it is to gain five or more
• Group two are not going to gain six, they're going to lose two as it's way easier
• Group four normally just do covalent bonding, they effectively don't really care if they lose or gain
• Magnesium and oxygen reaction

  1. Mg gains electrons

  2. O loses electrons
• Magnesium


  In group two, has two electrons in its outer shell, can only lose two electrons
• Oxygen has six electrons, 6 + 2 = 8 electrons transferred
• Group eight don't really do anything, they don't really react at all
• Ionic bonding is the only other thing that needs to be written for these four marks
• Sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid in an exothermic reaction
• Exothermic means the reaction gives off heat to the surroundings
• Equation for the reaction

  Sodium carbonate + Hydrochloric acid -> Sodium chloride + Carbon dioxide + Water
• Logically sequenced method


  • The key steps are identified and logically sequenced
• Independent variable


  The thing that is changed
• Dependent variable


  The thing that is measured
• Measuring the initial temperature


  Measure the initial temperature using a thermometer
• Mixing the reactants


  1. Measure a known volume of hydrochloric acid in a polyethylene cup

  2. Mix a known mass of sodium carbonate with the hydrochloric acid

  3. Stir the mixture
• Measuring the highest temperature

  Measure the highest temperature recorded using a thermometer
• Repeating with different masses


  Repeat the experiment with different masses of sodium carbonate
• The equation to determine the gradient is change in highest temperature / change in mass
• The units are degrees Celsius per gram (°C/g)
• The initial temperature of the reaction mixture

  Where the line of best fit would meet the y-axis
• In excess means not all the sodium carbonate reacted
• Reaction profile


  Shows the energy changes in an exothermic reaction
• In an exothermic reaction, the products have lower energy than the reactants
• Structure of diamond


  • It is a giant/macromolecular/lattice structure
  • It has covalent bonding
• Diamond structure


  • Giant structure
  • Macromolecular
  • Giant lattice