Biology Year 10

    Cards (86)

    • Eukaryotic cell

      cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
    • Prokaryotic cell

      cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
    • Features of a prokaryotic cell
      lacks a nucleus
      cell wall that protects the cell
    • Structure of an animal cell

      - a nucleus is in the centre of the cell
      -surrounded by cytoplasm
      -around the outside edge is the cell membrane
    • Structure of a plant cell

      - a vacuole
      -surrounded with cytoplasm
      -nucleus and chloroplasts
      -cell membrane
      -cell wall
    • Light Microscope Practical
    • Specialised Cell

      A cell that is adapted for a certain specific function (job).
    • Specialised cells - animal
      red blood cells
      sperm
      egg cells
    • Specialised cells - plant
      root hair cells
      palislide cells
      xylem cells
    • Differentiation
      process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
    • Magnification
      the increase of an object's apparent size by using lenses or mirrors
    • Resolution
      the ability of a microscope to distinguish details of a specimen or sample
    • Electron Microscope

      Microscopes that use a beam of electrons
    • Light Microscope

      Microscopes that use beams of light and lenses in order to magnify something.
    • Differences between Light and Electron Microscope

      Light:
      uses light rays to focus image
      colour can be viewed
      lower magnification and resolution
      relatively cheaper

      Electron:
      uses electron beams
      no light so black and white images only
      Higher magnification and resolution so can see smaller cells clearer
      very expensive
    • Magnification formula

      Total magnification = Eyepiece lens x objective lens
    • How is genetic information stored in the nucleus

      The genetic material in the nucleus of a cell is composed of a chemical called DNA. The material inside the nucleus of cells, carrying the genetic information of a living being. Chromosomes carry genetic information in a molecule called DNA
    • Cell Cycle

      The cell cycle is a set of steps that take place in cell division. Cells need to divide all the time to replace dead cells, for growth and for repair.
    • Cell Cycle Stages

      the cell increases in size
      copies its DNA (synthesis)
      prepares to divide
      divides (mitosis)
    • Mitosis
      part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
    • Where does Mitosis occurs
      somatic cells
    • Stem cells

      A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell. This means that it has not yet specialised, and therefore has the ability to differentiate and form a specialised cell.
    • Stem cells in plants
      transports water and nutrients up from the roots all the way to the leaves
    • Stem cells in animals

      a source of new cells to grow or replace specialised tissues.
      e.g bone marrow
    • How are Stem cells used in production of plant clones

      They help us quickly and cheaply produce cloned plants.
    • How are Stem Cells used for therapeutic cloning
      reprogram somatic cells into undifferentiated cells
    • Diffusion
      Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
    • Example of Diffusion

      Oxygen moves from the alveoli to red blood cells
    • Factors that affect the rate of diffusion

      The concentration gradient
      The Temperature
      The Surface Area Of the membrane
    • Osmosis
      Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
    • Required Practical 3: investigate the effect of a range of concentrations of salt or sugar solutions on the mass of plant tissues

      1) Trim chips so they are all same length Accurately measure 2) and record mass of each chip
      3) Put 10cm^3 of 1M sucrose solution into the 6 boiling tubes
      4) Add one potato chip to each tube (make sure you know which chip goes in each tube.
      5) Leave chips in solution for 25 minutes
      6) Remove cylinders from boiling tubes and carefully dry them with paper towels.
      7) Measure and record mass of each chip
    • Active Transport

      the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
    • Active Transport Example

      the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans
    • Differences between Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport
    • Digestive System

      body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
    • Enzyme
      increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being consumed or permanently altered by the reaction.
    • Lock and key theory

      a substrate fits into its enzyme just like a key fits a lock
    • Enzyme effect on Temperature

      Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction, and lowering temperature slows down a reaction.
    • Digestive enzymes
      carbohydrases, proteases, lipases, amylase
    • Bile
      Fluid which aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder.