Tectonics cs

• Hawaii-hotspot


  Island chain over mantle plumePacific plate

  • Moving west
  • Next island predicted in 200,000 years
• Pacific plate Hawaii 


  • Moving west
  • Next island predicted in 200,000 years
• Earthquakes in the UK


  • 20-30 every year
  • Crustal fracture
• Earth structure


  • Crust: 7-70km
  • Mantle: 700km
  • Core: 2890-SISOKN
• Iceland

  • Constructive plate boundary
  • Plume 100km deep
  • Europe and North America plate
• 80% of earthquakes occur at convergent plate boundaries
• Andesitic lava


  • 800-1000 degrees
  • More explosive
• Basaltic lava


  • 1000-1200 degrees
  • Less explosive
• Mount St Helens 1990


  1. Pyroclastic flow

  2. 80 miles per hour
• Lahars


  Reduced river size from 40 feet to 14 feet and 57 died
• • 2011 Japan earthquake: 300 billion in costs
  • Fukushima had a 12km no fly zone
  • 20,000 killed, most 65+
  • 8.9 magnitude
  • Tsunami 500m/s
• • 2016 Haiti earthquake: 7.0 magnitude
  • 25km from Port-au-Prince
  • 220,000 deaths
  • 5 billion lost in costs
• Himalayas


  • Collision between Indian and Eurasian plate
  • 50 million years
• San Andreas Fault


  • 4-6cm more per year
  • 10 million population
• • 2008 China earthquake: 7.9 magnitude
  • 120 seconds long
  • 69,000 died
  • 86 billion in costs
• • 2011 Tohoku earthquake: 3.5% fall in GDP
  • 20,000 deaths
• 2016 Iceland eruption


  • 1.7 million visitors a year
  • 800 evacuated
  • 107,000 flights cancelled
• California, USA


  • 40 million population
  • 3.5 million in hazard areas
• • 2003 California drought: 500000 hectares of land gone
  • Overdue for an event for over 300 years
• Philippines


  • 91 million people
  • 17 active volcanoes
  • 7,000 islands
  • 1990: 10,000 landslides
• 1973 Iceland volcano


  Sprayed 7.3 cubic meters of salt water
• 2011 Japan tsunami: Seawall 10m was reduced by liquefaction by a meter
• 2004 Indonesia flooding: 700,000 trees planted
• • 2005 Pakistan earthquake: 7.6 magnitude
  • 73,000 deaths
  • NGOs provided 500,000 tents and safe water to 700,000 people
• 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: Simeulue Island with 83000 population, only 4 died due to prevention and a song about safety