LESSON 1-5

• Phonetics Study of speech sounds
• Phonology study of speech sounds used in language
• Does not study one particular language Phonetics
• Can study one specific language Phonology
• Phoneme an ideal sound unit with a complete set of articulatory gestures.
• the basic theoretical unit for describing how speech conveys linguistic meaning Phoneme
• How many phonemes are there in English?

  42
• Types of Phonemes:

  • Vowels
  • Semi-vowels
  • Diphthongs
  • Consonants
• Phone the actual sounds that are produced when speaking
• Allophone one of the set of multiple possible spoken sounds or phones used to pronounce a single phoneme.
• It is the sequence of one phone Monophone
• It is the sequence of two Biphones
• It is the sequence of three phones Triphones
• It is the smallest unit of sound that can be distinguished as a distinct sound. Phoneme
• Phoneme It is the basic theoretical unit for describing how speech conveys linguistic meaning.
• Articulatory phonetics It is the study of the articulation of speech sounds or the production of sounds.
• Acoustic phonetics It studies the physical transmission of sound from speaker to listener
• Auditory phonetics It studies how sound may have received or percepted.
• Phonetics. It is the study of the sounds of speech, including the way in which sounds are produced and the way in which sounds are combined to form words
• It is the study of the sounds of language, including the way sounds are produced and the way they are combined to form words. Phonology
• It deals with speech sounds themselves. Phonetics
• It deals with how these speech sounds are organized into systems for each individual language. Phonology
• It is the surface manifestation of spoken language. Phonetics
• It is the abstract system organizing the surface sounds and gestures. Phonology
• It is a linguistic theory that regards grammar as a system of rules that generates exactly those combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language. Generative grammar
• He was the first who used the term "Generative grammar" in the late 1950s. Noam Chomsky
• The study of the structure of language, including the rules that govern the use of words and phrases. Grammar
• These are rules of language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and other elements, and as well as combination and interpretation. Grammar
• It is used to describe linguistic theories or models which are based on the idea that a single set of rules can explain how all the possible sentences of a language are formed. Generative
• The idealized unconscious knowledge of speakers has of the organization of his or her language. Competence
• The actual use of language. Performance
• Bottom-Up Approach to Linguistic Analysis:

  A) Phonetics

  B) Phonology

  C) Morphology

  D) Syntax

  E) Semantics

  F) Pragmatics

  G) smallest

  H) largest

  
• Major Aspects of Speech Production:

  • The Airstream Mechanism
  • The state of the Vocal cords
  • The state of the Velum
  • The Place and Manner of Articulation
• The Vocal Tract and Articulatory Organs:

  A) Oral cavity

  B) Nasal cavity

  C) lips (labial)

  D) upper lip

  E) lower lip

  F) teeth - dental

  G) alveolar ridge - alveolar

  H) palate - palatal

  I) velum - velar

  J) uvula - uvular

  K) pharynx - pharyngeal

  L) tongue tip

  M) tongue blade

  N) tongue front

  O) tongue back

  P) tongue root

  
• Vocal Tract Organs (2):

  A) upper lip

  B) teeth

  C) lower lip

  D) alveolar ridge

  E) nasal cavity

  F) palate

  G) oral cavity

  H) tongue

  I) velum

  J) uvula

  K) pharynx wall

  L) epiglottis

  M) larynx

  N) trachea

  O) lungs

  
• 6 Airstream Mechanisms:

  • Pulmonic Egressive
  • Pulmonic Ingressive
  • Velaric Egressive
  • Velaric Ingressive
  • Glottalic Egressive
  • Glottalic Ingressive
• Kinds of Vocal Cords:

  • Open Glottis
  • Closed Glottis
  • Narrowed Vocal cords
  • Creaky Voice Aperture
• It means outwards. Egressive
• Places of Articulation:

  A) bilabial

  B) lower lip

  C) upper lip

  D) labiodental

  E) lower lip

  F) upper teeth

  G) dental

  H) tongue tip or blade

  I) upper teeth

  J) alveolar

  K) tongue tip or blade

  L) alveolar ridge

  M) retroflex

  N) curled tongue tip

  O) area immediately behind alveolar ridge

  P) palato-alveolar

  Q) tongue blade

  R) area immediately behind alveolar ridge

  S) palatal

  T) tongue front

  U) hard palate

  V) velar

  W) tongue back

  X) velum

  Y) uvular

  Z) tongue back

  [) uvula

  \) pharyngeal

  ]) tongue root

  ^) pharynx wall

  _) glottal

  `) vocal cords

  a) vocal cords

  
• It is the action of breathing. Respiration