Science 2024 all content T2

• Parts of a flowering plant

  • Stigma
  • Style
  • Anther
  • Carpel
  • Ovary
  • Stamen
  • Filament
  • Receptacle
  • Sepal
• Stomates


  It’s prime function is to exchange gases by closing and opening pored in leaves,it assist in monitoring the movement of water via transpiration
• The primary function of stomates is to exchange gases
• Chlorophyll


  Absorbs light energy which is transferred to energy storing molecules
• Photosynthesis


  Carbon dioxide + Water -> Sunlight glucose + oxygen
• Photosynthesis reactants


  • Sunlight
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
• Photosynthesis products


  • Glucose
  • Oxygen
• Pistil


  The female reproductive part of a flower, The carpel holds a sac-like structure in the middle that’s known as the ovary
• Ovary


  The part of the carpel that contains the ovules
• Petal


  Highly pigmented and scented to attract pollinators and protect reproductive organs
• Sepal


  Green leaf-like structure that protects the flower bud
• Stamen


  The male reproductive part of a flower, containing the filament and anther
• Filament


  Part of the stamen that supports the anther
• Seed coat


  Protective outer layer that protects the seed from damage
• Epicotyl


  The shoot of the embryo, which develops into the entire shoot system
• Hypocotyl


  The transition between the growing shoot and root of the embryo
• Radicle


  The tiny root of the embryo
• Cotyledons


  The leaves of the embryo that provide nourishment to the developing plant
• Seed germination


  1. Seed takes in water

  2. Seed coat splits

  3. Embryo uses oxygen to grow further

  4. Stem grows upwards, root grows downwards

  5. Seed coat falls off, revealing cotyledons

  6. Root system develops
• Chloroplasts


  Plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthesis process
• Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis
• Xylem


  Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves
• Phloem


  Transports food (glucose) from leaves to other parts of the plant
• Types of plant roots

  • Fibrous
  • Tap
• Mater


  Anything that takes up space and can be weighed
• Evidence for kinetic theory of matter: ice (solid water) melts and changes phases into liquid water
• 3 State of Matter

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Solids


  • Hard
  • Have definite shape, volume (fixed)
  • Particles are packed tightly together in a fixed arrangement
• Liquids


  • Flow and take shape of their container
  • Particles can be compressed
  • Particles can vibrate and slide around each other
• Gases


  • Can flow and completely fill their container
  • Particles are free floating with no arrangement
  • Particles can move around quickly in all directions and collide with each other
• Physical Changes


  1. Melting

  2. Vaporisation

  3. Condensation

  4. Sublimation

  5. Deposition
• Freezing


  Change of state from liquid to solid
• Evaporation


  Type of vaporisation, that happens when a liquid turns into a gas
• Condensation


  Change of state from gas phase into liquid phase
• Sublimation


  Solid to gas transition, without passing through liquid state
• Deposition


  Gas to solid transition
• Condensation


  Gas to liquid phase change
• Evaporation


  Liquid to gas transition
• Heat added to Ice

  1. Water can exist as a solid (ice)

  2. Water can exist as a liquid (water)

  3. Water can exist as a gas (vapour or gas)

  4. Adding heat can cause ice (solid) to melt to form water
• When water changes to a solid or a gas, the matter stays the same even though the physical form changes