5.1

• Labor


  Activities pertaining to developing goods and delivering services for economic reasons
• Economic Zone


  An area which the business trade laws are different from the rest which includes increased trade balance, employer, increase investment, job creation and effective administration
• Gender Equality


  All genders have equal rights, responsibilities and opportunity
• Gender


  Socially constructed characteristics of men and women
• Gender mainstreaming


  A tool of achieving a gender equality perspective at all stages and levels of policies, programmes and projects
• Unionization


  The act/process of organizing workers to become members of a labor union
• Workforce


  A sector in the population engaged in economic and productive activities
• Women face different constraints form men in the labor market. This is recognized in the Republic Act 9710, known as the Magna Carta of Women, enacted in 2009
• This act recognizes that equality of men and women entails the abolition of the unequal structures and practices that perpetuate discrimination and inequality
• Employment Sectors


  • Agriculture
  • Industry and Manufacturing
  • Tourism
  • Business Processing Outsourcing
  • Government Services/ Public Sectors
  • Entrepreneurship
• Agriculture


  • Women farmers do not have an equal opportunity to acquire land or register it in their own names
  • Women have fewer inheritance rights than male farmers
  • Women are hindered in their access to extension services, skills development including training in management and marketing skills; and improves farming equipment
• Industry and Manufacturing


  • Women working in economic zones is estimated to represent 64% of total employment and may be much higher in some industries, such as electronics and apparel
  • Working and living conditions are poor, that women find it difficult to obtain work while pregnant and after the birth of their baby, and that unionization is uncommon
• Tourism


  • Few women have the educational qualifications or foreign language skills to complete for front-of-house positions in the hotel industry, as tour guides, or in travel agencies
  • Women are more likely to be employed as housekeepers, waitresses or similar low-level positions
• Business Processing Outsourcing


  • The Philippines' information Technology- business process outsourcing road map (2011-2016) is not gender-responsive and does not address women's constraints in accessing higher paid work in non-voice services or the likely growth information technology and engineering
• Government Services/ Public Sectors


  • Women are constrained by being predominantly employed in traditional, gender-stereotyped care sector government occupations such as health and education and they are under represented in the higher-paying subsectors
  • Generally, women in the civil sector ay still be underpaid, given their levels of education, experience and ability
• Entrepreneurship


  • There has been rapid surge in the number and proportion of female entrepreneurs in developing countries
  • Women entrepreneurs are more likely than men to be motivated by necessity; these are livelihood-entrepreneurs attempting to escape employment
• Salient Policies on Gender Equality in the labor Market


  • The Philippine has ratified 34 ILO conventions and is party to all of the fundamental United Nations human rights covenants and conventions
  • Article 3, Chapter I of the labor code, Acts 6725, 7192, 7877 and 8551- provide fundamental rights protection, including anti-discrimination provisions and they ensure fundamental equality, prohibition of sexual harassment and temporary special measure
  • Magna Carta of Women (Women Rep. Act 9710) is an overall legislative framework that articulates the specific rights, needs and support required by women in their general and working lives
  • In 2013, Pres. Aquino signed a new law (RA 10361) known as "Batas Kasambahay" (Domestic Workers Act) in order to protect this large group of mostly young female workers
  • In 2012, the Philippines became the first country in Asia to ratify the ILO Domestic Workers Convention , 2011 (189)
• Gender, gender equality and labor market are very important principles and are related to one another
• Gender equality is not properly implemented in the labor market as women still are treated with disfavor and discrimination
• Policies are in place to address gender inequality, still, the issue persists and prevails up to present