Reproductive System

• Development


  Formation of sex cells, zygote formation, subsequent stages in one's life span. Development is terminated by death.
• Haploid (n) condition


  When a cell has only half the chromosome number or only one set of chromosomes
• Diploid (2n) condition


  When a cell has the full chromosome number or two sets of chromosomes
• Fertilization


  Stage of development that results in a unicellular diploid zygote
• Cleavage


  Stage of development involving a series of mitotic divisions to produce a multicellular blastula from a unicellular zygote
• Gastrulation


  Stage of development involving morphogenetic movements of the cells to produce a gastrula with distinct germ cell layers; in vertebrates, this will result in three layers: the outermost ectoderm; the inner endoderm, and the middle layer, the mesoderm
• Organogenesis


  Stage of development where the different germ layers differentiate into specific organ systems
• Growth


  Stage of development characterized by an increase in size of an individual
• Monozygotic twins


  Also known as identical twins; result from the union of a sperm and egg to form a single zygote that splits up during the first cleavage stage.
• Dizygotic twins


  Also known as fraternal twins; results from the development of two or more separate fertilization events where the resulting zygotes develop almost simultaneously
• The Female Reproductive System


  • Vagina
  • Clitoris
  • Mons pubis
  • Labia minora
  • Labia majora
  • Hymen
  • Cervix
  • Uterus
  • Endometrial lining/endometrium
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Ovaries
  • Bartholin's glands
  • Skene's glands
• The Male Reproductive System


  • Testis
  • Epididymis
  • Scrotal sac/scrotum
  • Vas deferens
  • Urethra
  • Seminal vesicle
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral glands
• Menstruation


  The monthly shedding of the lining of your uterus
• Menstrual Cycle


  Begins when you get your period or menstruate. This is when you shed the lining of your uterus. This cycle is part of your reproductive system and prepares your body for a possible pregnancy.
• Phases of the Menstrual Cycle


  • Menses phase
  • Follicular phase
  • Ovulation phase
  • Luteal phase
• Menstruation start age


  People start menstruating at the average age of 12. However, you can begin menstruating as early as 8 years old or as late as 16 years old.
• Symptoms of getting your period


  • Cramps
  • Mood changes
  • Trouble sleeping
  • Headache
  • Food cravings
  • Bloating
  • Breast tenderness
  • Acne
• Morula


  A human blastula made up of a solid ball of cells
• Blastocyst


  A human blastula composed of the inner cell mass, which becomes the embryo, and the trophoectoderm, which becomes the placenta
• Implantation


  Process where the blastocyst implants itself in the endometrium; this signals the start of pregnancy
• Gestation


  Carrying of the embryo inside the female reproductive tract, specifically the uterus; can last up to 9 months in humans
• Human embryo


  Corresponds to the first two months of gestation
• Human fetus


  Corresponds to the months 3-9 of human gestation
• Family Planning Methods


  • Non-Hormonal/Barrier
  • Hormonal
• Non-Hormonal/Barrier Methods


  • Condoms
  • Diaphragm
  • Cervical Cap
  • Copper IUD
  • Abstinence
  • Period abstinence/fertility awareness
  • Withdrawal, coitus interruptus
• Hormonal Methods


  • Pill (Daily, Emergency)
  • Patch
  • Injection
  • Ring
  • Progesterone IUD
  • Implantable device
• Advantages of Non-Hormonal/Barrier Methods

  No hormones, Fewer or no medical contraindications, Can prevent STD
• Disadvantages of Non-Hormonal/Barrier Methods


  Event based use, Some need a doctor's visit
• Advantages of Hormonal Methods


  Not event dependent, Additional health benefits (Menstrual symptoms, Acne, Lower cancer risk, Less blood loss)
• Disadvantages of Hormonal Methods


  Require use as prescribed, Some medical contraindications
• Permanent Methods


  • Tubal ligation
  • Vasectomy
• Natural Methods


  • Calendar Method
  • Basal Body Temperature
  • Cervical Mucus Method
  • Symptothermal Method
  • Coitus interruptus
  • Abstinence