conflict and tension

• Treaty of Versailles


  The treaty signed by Britain, France, and the USA in 1919 which imposed restritctions, reperations and took territory from Germany.
• League of Nations


  A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946, however many people saw it to have died after the Manchuria Crisis.
• Annexation


  The formal act of acquiring territory by invasion or occupation
• Armistice


  An agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time
• Reparations


  Payment that the losers of a war must pay to the victors to cover war damages, and rebuilding.
• Democracy


  A system of government where the power lies with the population - generally via elected representatives for a certain constituency (area).
• Demilitarisation


  The removal of military personnel, weaponry or forts from an area.
• Appeasement


  Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability. (giving a little to stop someone taking it all)
• Lebensraum


  Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people
• Anschluss


  The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the Nazis in 1938
• Dictatorship


  A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
• Spanish Civil War


  The Civil War in Spain (1936-1939), in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government
• Abyssinia Crisis


  In 1935, Mussolini (from Italy) wanted more overseas territory so took over independant Abyssinia with superior weapons and technology. This proved the League of Nations wasn't equipped to handle international crisis.
• Hoare-Laval Plan


  The secret plan to offer Benito Mussolini most of Abyssinia in return for a him not taking it all. It was put together by British foreign secretary Sir Samuel Hoare and French premier Pierre Laval, who tried and failed to achieve a rapprochement between France and Italy. When news of the plan leaked out, it drew immediate and widespread denunciation
• Manchuria Crisis


  In response to the Mukden incident, where Japanese railroads were allegidly sabotaged by the Chinese in North Manchuria. The Japanese responded with force, taking control of the Chinese province of Manchuria and establishing a puppet state.
• Lytton Report


  This was a report generated by a League of Nations to try to determine the causes of the Manchurian Incident which led to the Empire of Japan's seizure of Manchuria; it condemned Japan for resorting to force, but the powers were unwilling to impose sanctions; Japan then withdrew from the league and kept Manchuria
• Nazi-Soviet Pact


  The agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 in which the two nations promised not to fight each other and to divide up Poland, if Stalin let Hitler invade, rather than coming to Poland's defence.
• Rhineland Invasion


  After being demilitarized by the Treaty of Versailles, the German Army stormed into the Rhineland in March 1936.
• Anglo-German Naval Agreement


  An agreement between Germany and Britain in 1935. It allowed Germany to build a fleet one third the size of Britain's.
• Dollfuss Affair


  The crisis in 1934, where it appeared that Germany would annex Austria, Mussolini dissaproved and prevented Hitler from doing so.
• Treaty of Versailles


  the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
• The Big Three


  David Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, and Georges Clemenceau
• BLAME


  B - blame: Germany had to accept responsibility for WW1, Article 231 of the Treaty stated that Germany had to accept blame for the war

  L - League of nations: A group of countries made to ensure all problems could be solved together, Germany was forbidden to join

  A - Armed forces: 100,000 soldiers, no airforce, no submarines, only 6 battleships

  M - Money: Germany had to pay £6.6 billion in reparations to France for war damages

  E - Empire: all of Germany's overseas empire was taken away as well as other lands, including sudetenland (helped form czechoslovakia), and Rhineland (taken over by France, was very resourceful), as well as Alsace and Lorraine.
• Treaty of St. Germain

  treaty signed by Austria recognizing Hungary's independence - 1919
• Treaty of Neuilly


  A treaty to punish Bulgaria signed in November 1919. Its land was given to Bulgaria, Greece, Yugoslavia and Romania. Limit its armed forces to 20,000 men only. Pay 100 million in reparations
• Treaty of Trianon


  Hungary - had to pay reparations, limit her army to 35,000 men and had to hand over war criminals, forced to hand over territory to her neighbors, hungary lost 2/3 of its territory an 3/5 of its population, unstable government after declared independence. Treaty signed by the allies of Hungary, collapse of economy meant no reparations were paid (1920s).
• Treaty of Sevres


  Collapse of Ottoman Empire. Turkey loses its European land. 50,000 in army, 7 sail boats, 6 torpedo boats. Dardanelles & Bosphorus straits opened to other nations. Most severe of the treaties with Germany's wartime allies. Dismembered the Turkish Ottoman empire. Gave Smyrna and Thrace to Greece, the island of Rhodes to Italy, Syria to France, Iraq and Palestine to Britain, and Saudi Arabia to Britain as protectorate. August 1920
• Treaty of Lausanne


  Treaty of Lausanne renegotiates borders and access to the straits, and restores some lands to Turkey after Turkish war of independence and revolts. The 1923 treaty that ended the Turkish war and recognised the territorial integrity of a truly independent Turkey. July 1923
• Woodrow Wilson


  Who was the League of Nations created by?
• 1920


  When was the League established?
• Germany - excluded (at first)

  USA - isolationist policy (ordered by Senate)

  Russia - chose not to join


  Who did not immediately join the League and why?
• - encouarging disarmament

  - collective security

  - improving conditions

  - tackling deadly disease

  - keep worldwide peace


  What were some aims of the League?
• Vilna (1920)


  What is an unresolved case of the League?
• - an area claimed by Lithuania and Poland, included in new state of Lithuania set up at end of war, had majority Polish population.

  - occupied by Polish forces (who later refused to leave during Russo-Polish war 1920)

  - clear case of one League member (Poland) showing aggression against another (Lithuania), however League was reluctant to be involved.

  League members were unwilling to supply armed forces to allow Lithuania to take action against Poland

  - Status: UNRESOLVED

  What happened at Vilna in 1920?
• Upper Silesia (1921)

  The Greek-Bulgarian Dispute (1925)


  What are some successes of the League?
• - lots of Poles and Germans

  - People were able to vote on who got the land (democracy). In March 1921, vote decided land goes to German by 700,000 votes

  - League decided to share land: Germany over half the land and its citizens, Poland got most the industry.

  - Though it created bitterness, it worked.

  - Status: SUCCESSFUL


  What happened in Upper Silesia (1921)?
• - tension created between the two after the Treaty of Neuilly

  - Greece invaded Bulgaria in October 1925 after many violent incidents

  League condemned Greek for their action and pressurised them to withdraw, which they did

  - Status: SUCCESSFUL


  What happened in the Greek-Bulgarian Dispute (1925)?
• Corfu (1923)

  Abyssinian Crisis (1934) - see jartley's flashcards for more info

  Manchuria Crisis/Mukden incident (Sept.1931)


  What were some failures of the League?
• Locarno Treaty (1925)

  Kellog-Briand Pact (1928)

  Washington Arms/Naval Conference (1921/22)

  Rapallo Treaty (1922)


  What were 4 other Pacts/Treaties signed during the Road to WW2?
• - agreement between France and Germany with assistance of USA, trying to agree on borders

  - seems successful as it agrees between borders of France and Germany

  - 1925

  What was the Locarno Treaty?