Ch1.2

• Human body


  Made up of structures that come together to make up a whole
• Levels of structural organization in the human body


  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Body systems
  • Organism
• Organism


  An individual being with life
• Cytology

  The study of the formation, structure, & function of cells
• Cell


  The basic unit of life
• Stem cells


  Specialized cells that can divide without limit, abundant in a fetus & in newborn cord blood
• Histology


  The study of the microscopic structure of tissues
• Types of tissues


  • Connective
  • Epithelial
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
• Organs


  Formed when two or more tissue types work together to accomplish a particular function
• Body system


  A set of organs that have a collective function
• Major body systems


  • Muscular system
  • Skeletal system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Urinary system
  • Reproductive system
  • Integumentary system
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
• Anatomical position


  The body standing erect, eyes directed forward, hands at the side, palms turned outward, and lower limbs parallel with the toes pointing forward

  
• Reference planes


  • Frontal/coronal plane
  • Transverse plane
  • Sagittal plane
• Aspects used to identify locations


  • Anterior (front)
  • Posterior (behind)
  • Lateral (side)
  • Medial (middle)
  • Superior (uppermost)
  • Inferior (lowermost)
• Directional terms


  • Abduction: movement of body parts away from the midline
  • Adduction: movement of body parts toward the midline
  • Inversion: turning inward
  • Eversion: turning outward
  • Palmar: pertains to the palm of the hand
  • Plantar: pertains to the sole of the foot
  • Supination: turning upward
  • Pronation: turning downward
• Cavity


  The hollow place or space within the body that houses internal organs
• Major body cavities


  • Dorsal cavity
  • Ventral cavity
• Regions of the human body


  • Head
  • Neck
  • Torso
  • Extremities (Upper & Lower)
• Body fluids


  Approximately 60% of an average adult's weight is fluids, needed for transport of nutrients & removal of wastes
• Primary body fluids


  • Blood
  • Lymph
• Types of extracellular fluids


  • Interstitial fluid
  • Plasma
• Blood


  Carries oxygen, nutrients, vitamins, antibodies, and other substances to different parts of the body, and helps carry carbon dioxide and other wastes away
• Susceptibility


  Vulnerability to a disease or disorder
• Resistance


  Body's natural ability to fight microorganisms or toxins
• Body defense mechanisms


  • Nonspecific resistance
  • Specific (selective) resistance (also called Immunity)
• Pathogen


  Any microorganism capable of producing a disease
• Types of pathogenic microbes


  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
• Using pathogenic biological agents to cause panic, fear, and terror in a population is bioterrorism
• Microbes are used as weapons of mass destruction because they can easily be transmitted, have high chances of causing death, may lead to panic, and lastly, would require extraordinary attention
• Medical terminology


  The language used to describe components and processes of the human body, medical procedures, diseases, disorders, and pharmacology
• Medical terminology is a specialized language with its origin arising from the Greek influence of medicine
• Hippocrates


  A Greek physician who lived from 460 to 377 BC and whose vital role in medicine is still recognized today, called the "father of medicine" and credited with establishing early ethical standards for physicians
• Many new names are created daily; however, most of these terms are composed of word parts that have their origins in ancient Greek or Latin
• Learning medical terminology is much easier once you understand how word parts work together to form medical terms
• Four types of word parts used to create many medical terms


  • Word roots
  • Combining forms
  • Suffix
  • Prefix
• Word roots


  Usually, but not always, indicate the part of the body involved
• Word root examples


  • cardi = heart
  • gastr = stomach
  • neur = nerve
• Word roots do not mean pertaining to or relating to; that meaning comes from the suffix
• Combining forms


  Created by adding a vowel (usually the letter "o") to the end of a word root, used when connecting word roots or when the word root is joined to a suffix that begins with a consonant
• Suffixes


  Usually, but not always, indicate the procedure, condition, disorder, or disease