AMR

• viruses


  cause of common cold, and digestive illnesses
• bacteria


  microscopic living organisms that have only one cell
• parasite


  organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.
• virus


  infectious agent that can only replicate within a host organism
• fungi


  any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
• bacteria and viruses


  can live outside the human body
• parasite


  need a living host to survive.
• bacteria and parasites


  can be killed with antibiotics
• viruses


  cannot be killed by antibiotics
• viral infection


  antibiotics don't fight what kind of infection?
• antimicrobials


  medicines used to prevent and treat infectious diseases in humans, animals and plants
• antimicrobials


  Including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics
• antibiotics


  It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections,
• antibiotics


  may either kill or inhibit growth of bacteria
• antiobiotic


  type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.
• antimicrobial resistance


  ability of a microorganism to stop antimicrobials from working against it
• 1. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

  2. Penicillin-resistant Enterococcus

  3. Multi-drug resistant Myobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis drugs, isoniazid, and rifampicin)

  Bacteria that are resistant to antibiotic include
• 1. treatment failure

  2. increased mortality

  3. resistant bacteria may spread to community

  4. added burden of healthcare cost

  5. threatens to return to pre-antibiotic era

  why is resistance a concern?
• 1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 2. PATIENT RELATED FACTORS 3. PRESCRIBER RELATED FACTORS 4. DRUG RELATED FACTORS

  factors that contribute to AMR
• drug related factors


  * over the counter availability of antimicrobials
• drug related factors


  * increased use of antimicrobials
• drug related factors


  * irrational fixed dose combination of antimicrobials
• environmental factor


  * huge populations and overcrowding
• environmental factor


  * poor sanitation
• environmental factor


  * rapid spread due to better transport facilities
• environmental factor


  * increase in community-acquired resistance
• patient related factor


  * self medication
• patient related factor


  * lack of sanitation concept
• patient related factor


  * misconception
• patient related factor


  * poverty
• prescriber-related factor


  * inappropriate use of available drugs
• prescriber-related factor


  * inadequate dosing
• prescriber-related factor


  * lack of current knowledge and training
• prescriber-related factor


  * increased empiric poly-antimicrobial use
• 1. unlikely to clear up without antibiotics

  2. may infect others

  3. take too long to clear up without treatment

  4. carry risk of more serious complications


  antibiotics may be used to treat bacterial infections that:
• 1. Over prescription of antibiotics

  2. Lack of knowledge of patient (stop taking after they feel better which will cause bacteria to grow which will lead to resistance)

  Causes for misuse or overuse of antibiotics
• 1. alteration of bacteria which becomes resistant to antibiotics

  2.

  Effects for misuse or overuse of antibiotics
• resistant bacteria


  type of bacteria that can survive an antibiotic treatment
• water, sanitation, and hygiene


  WASH stands for
• WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene)


  one of the most basic health practices which prevents getting diseases