Light-independent reaction

• What is oxidation?


  when a substance gains oxygen and loses hydrogen
• What is reduction?


  when a substance gains hydrogen and loses oxygen
• How is ATP made?

  • chlorophyll absorbs light causing it to move to a higher energy level
  • chlorophyll becomes ionised - photoionisation
  • electrons that leave the chlorophyll are taken up by electron carrier
  • chlorophyll oxidised and electron carrier is reduced
• What is the role of ATP synthase?

  • generates ATP
  • funnels protons into the mitochondria/stroma during ATP
• What does the Calvin cycle produce?

  • it uses carbon dioxide, reduced NADP and ATP to form hexose sugar
  • ATP hydrolysed to provide energy for the reaction
  • reduced NADP donates hydrogen to reduce molecules GP in the cycle