LEC 1

• what does dorsal to ventral mean


  dorsal: top

  ventral: bottom

  eg. back to belly
• Define cranial and caudal

  cranial is toward the head and caudal is toward the tail
• Explain proximal to distal.


  Close to and far away
• what is anterior to posterior

  Front end to back end
• Define rostral


  toward the nose
• What does medial to lateral mean?


  Towards the midline and away from it
• Which plane is described by "front and back," or "frontal"?

  Coronal plane
• Which plane is referred to as "longitudinal," "left and right" ?


  Sagittal plane
• What is the plane indicated by "horizontal," "top and bottom" ?


  Transverse plane
• What are the components of the central nervous system (CNS)?

  Brain and spinal cord
• What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?

  Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
• What is the function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?


  It serves as the communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body
• How does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) split?


  It splits into the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system
• What are the integrative and control centers of the nervous system?

  They are part of the central nervous system (CNS).
• What are cranial nerves and spinal nerves responsible for?

  transmitting signals between the CNS and various parts of the body.
• What are the characteristics of the somatic nervous system?


  Somatic motor, voluntary, conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles.
• Describe the autonomic nervous system


  Visceral motor, involuntary, conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands.
• What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?


  sympathetic and parasympathetic
• What is the function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

  It mobilizes body systems during activity, flight or fight.
• What is the function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?


  It conserves energy and promotes housekeeping functions during rest. "rest and digest"
• What does the sensory, afferent division of the nervous system do?

  It conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS.
• What is the function of the motor, efferent division of the nervous system?


  it conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors, which are muscles and glands.
• Which division of the nervous system conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles?

  Somatic nervous system
• What type of nerve fibers does the sensory, afferent division contain?

  somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers.
• What type of nervous system do sponges and jellyfish have?


  They have a nerve net rather than a primitive brain.
• How does the ventral nerve cord in invertebrates compare with the dorsal cord in vertebrates?


  In invertebrates, such as worms, the nerve cord is ventral (on the belly side), whereas in vertebrates, it's dorsal (on the back side).
• Name the brain divisions common to all vertebrates.

  Olfactory bulb, cerebral hemispheres, optic tectum, medulla oblongata.
• what does the neocortex do

  processes complex information.
• What are the subdivisions of the forebrain in vertebrates?


  telencephalon and diencephalon.
• What structures are part of the telencephalon?

  Cortex and olfactory bulb.
• Which part of the forebrain includes the thalamus and hypothalamus?


  Diencephalon
• What is the midbrain called in vertebrate CNS?


  Mesencephalon
• Name the structures found in the mesencephalon.


  Tectum and tegmentum.
• What is the hindbrain referred to in the vertebrate CNS?

  Rhombencephalon
• What structures are part of the hindbrain


  Pons, medulla, and cerebellum.
• What does the brain stem comprise in vertebrates?

  Rhombencephalon and mesencephalon
• What are the three layers of the neural tube?


  Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm.
• What structures derive from the endoderm layer of the neural tube?

  Linings of organs and viscera.
• Which layer of the neural tube gives rise to bones and muscles?

  Mesoderm
• What does the ectoderm layer of the neural tube develop into?


  Nervous system and skin