Chapter 8 Bio 20

• Vitamins and Minerals


  Help in chemical reactions
• Lipids (Fats)


  • Energy storage compound
  • Structural component of cell membrane
• Carbohydrates


  • Primary energy source of cells
  • Structural component of plant cell walls
• Nucleic Acids


  • Genetic material, directs cell activity
  • Made of sugar, phosphate, nitrogen bases
• Proteins


  • Structural components of the cell
  • Composed of amino acids
• Carbohydrates


  • A molecule composed of sugar subunits that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
  • Energy nutrient
  • Plants combine carbon dioxide and water to create carbohydrates via photosynthesis
  • Either singular units or polymers
• Polymer


  A molecule composed of three or more subunits
• Single Sugar Units


  • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
  • Sugars that contain more than five carbons are often in a ring form
• Monosaccharide


  • A singular sugar unit
  • Simplest sugars
• Isomer


  One of a group of chemicals that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms
• Disaccharide


  • Combination of two monosaccharides
  • A sugar formed by the joining of two monosaccharide subunits
  • Formed by dehydration synthesis
• Dehydration Synthesis


  The process by which larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules
• Hydrolysis


  1. The process by which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules by the addition of water

  2. Opposite reaction of dehydration synthesis
• Polysaccharides


  A carbohydrate composed of many single sugar subunits
• Starch


  • A plant polysaccharide that is composed of multiple subunits of glucose
  • Plants store energy in the chemical bonds
  • Two diff forms of starch: amylose + amylopectin
• Amylose


  • 1000+ glucose units
  • First carbon of a glucose molecule linked to the 4th in the next one
• Amylopectin


  • 1000-6000 glucose subunits
  • Short branching chains of between 24 and 36 glucose units
• Glycogen


  • The form of carbohydrate storage in animals
  • Looks like amylopectin but w/ less glucose units
• Cellulose


  • A plant polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls
  • Tends not to form coiled structures
  • Attracted to one another by hydrogen bonds
• Lipids


  • Nonpolar
  • Insoluble to polar solvents such as water
  • Many are composed of glycerol and fatty acids
  • Stores energy
  • Serve as key components in cell membranes
• Triglycerides


  • A lipid composed of glycerol and and three fatty acids
  • Formed by the union of glycerol and three fatty acids
  • When solid at room temperature, they're fats
  • When liquid at room temperature, they're oils
• Fats


  A lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids, solid at room temp
• Oils


  A lipid composed of glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids; liquid at room temp
• Saturated


  • Only single bonds exist between the carbon atoms
  • Most of the fatty acids in animal fats are saturated
• Unsaturated


  Double bonds between carbon atoms
• Monounsaturated


  Fatty acids that contain only one double bond
• Polysaturated


  Fatty acids that contain two or more double bonds
• Phospholipids


  • A lipid with a phosphate molecule attached to the glycerol backbone
  • Makes the molecule polar
  • Major components of cell membranes
• Waxes


  • Long-chain lipids that are insoluble in water
  • Well suited as a waterproof coating for plant leaves or animal feathers and fur
• Proteins


  • A chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of cells or act as antibodies or enzymes
  • When cells are damages, proteins are manufactured
  • Composed of building blocks called amino acids
  • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • Contain nitrogen, and sulfur atoms
  • CAN supply energy for tissues
  • Composed of 20 different amino acids
  • Order and number of amino acids determine the type of protein
  • The folds in the protein molecule are created by hydrogen bonds between negatively charged acid groups and positively charged amino groups
• Amino Acids


  • A chemical that contains nitrogen
  • Can be linked together to form proteins
• Protein Synthesis


  During synthesis of a protein, a water molecule is removed in carbohydrate and lipid synthesis
• Enzymes


  Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
• Peptide Bond


  The covalent bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the connecting amino acid
• Polypeptides


  Chains of amino acids
• Essential Amino Acids


  • The eight amino acids that your body cannot synthesize
  • Must be obtained from food
• Structure of Proteins


  • Proteins are polypeptides that are folded into specific three-dimensional shapes
  • Some contain more than one polypeptide
  • A protein's shape, or structure, determines its function
  • The structure of a protein is determined by its sequence of amino acids
• 4 Levels of Protein Structure

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
• Primary Protein Structure


  • The unique sequence of amino acids in the chain
  • E.x. Amino acid sequence of cow insulin
• Secondary Protein Structure


  • Depends on the amino acids in the polypeptide chain
  • Folds and coils CAN occur along the length of the chain
  • Hydrogen bonding between amino acids pulls the chain into helical coils and pleated sheets