Biology

• Anabolic Reactions


  2 or more molecules combine to form a larger chain
• Anabolic Reaction


  • Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen + ATP
  • 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + ATP
• Catabolic Reactions


  Larger chain is broken into smaller molecules
• Catabolic Reaction


  • Food + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
  • C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
• Respiration


  Burning of food in the presence of oxygen to produce energy
• Aerobic Respiration


  • Takes place in the presence of oxygen, in the mitochondria, produces more energy but slower
• Aerobic Respiration


  • Food + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
  • C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
• Anaerobic Respiration


  • Takes place in the absence of oxygen, in the mitochondria, produces less energy but faster
• Anaerobic Respiration


  • Glucose → Lactic Acid + ATP
  • C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + ATP
• Lactic Acid


  By-product of anaerobic respiration, can cause muscle cramps if built up
• Fermentation


  Plants switch to anaerobic respiration to produce Ethanol
• Fermentation


  • Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy
• Photosynthesis


  Plants produce glucose in the presence of carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight
• Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis

  • Sunlight
  • Water
  • Temperature
• Limiting factors increase


  Rate of photosynthesis increases, up to a certain extent
• Temperature too high (45 degrees)


  Plant burns out, rate of photosynthesis decreases
• Enzymes


  Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
• Enzymes


  • All enzymes are proteins
  • Active site has a specific shape
  • Substrate is what the enzyme attaches to
• Enzyme Catalysis


  1. Enzyme attaches to substrate via active site

  2. Enzyme breaks down substrate (catabolic) or attaches it to another to form larger chain (anabolic)

  3. Final product is produced
• Enzymes


  • Need specific environment/pH level to work
  • Optimum temperature required
• Temperature rises


  Reaction rate rises, but too high temperature causes enzymes to denature
• Osmosis


  Movement of water particles through a semi-permeable membrane
• Diffusion


  Movement of particles from higher to lower concentration
• Active Transport


  Movement of ions through cell membrane to region of higher concentration