Omissions

• R v Pitterwood - The defendant had a contractual duty as he failed to close the gate when a train was coming and a man died because of it.

  The defendant was convicted of manslaughter

  His contractual duty was to close the gate
• R v Dytham - The defendant (a uniformed police officer) failed to protect a public member from harm as he watched a man get beaten to death
• R v Miller - the defendant failed to put out a fire he started
• R v Gibbin's and proctor - D deliberately starved 7 year old child and it died
• R v Stones and Dobinson - Assumed responsibility

  A couple was looking after their anorexic sister, fanny, who refused to leave her room and died
• Hill v Baxter - an involuntary act so does not satisfy actus reus