Biology

• How does adrenaline effect the body

  Breathing rate - increases

  ATP production- increases

  Blood flow to digestive system- decreases
• Describe relationship between the circulatory system and the gas exchange system in the human body

  Veins transport blood to heart from gaseous exchange

  Left side receives blood from gaseous exchange
• How are phloem sieve tubes adapted to their function

  Have holes in less cytoplasm

  Allow easier transport of sugar
• Apparatus to investigate the rate of water uptake in plants

  Potometer
• Air tight seals stops air getting into water filled tube in the potometer why?

  Air will stop the plant taking up water
• Potometer

  What happens to the rate of uptake of water is a electric fan is switched on next to it

  Increase the air movement
• Why glycerol is important

  Needed to make lipids
• What reaction is photosynthesis

  Endothermic
• Importance of sugars in the production of larger carbohydrates such at starch

  Sugars are the monomers that make up carbohydrates
• Why does a light intensity photosynthesis graph level off

  Light intensity is no longer the limiting factor
• Anaerobic respiration in yeast experiment

  How could you improve the investigation to obtain more precise results

  Measure the gas volume and use a water bath
• Anaerobic respiration in yeast

  How could you use the apparatuses to find the effect of concentration on the rate of anaerobic respiration

  Change the concentration of glucose

  Same temp
• Products of human respiratation

  Lactic acid
• Where is amylase released

  Salivary glands
• Protease


  Protein into amino acid

  Small intestine and pancreas and stomach
• Lipase


  Turns Lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

  Small intestine and pancreas
• What do organisms need energy for

  Construction - respiration

  Homeostatis
• What does cellulose help


  Structure of a cell wall
• Light intensity equation


  Light intensity at the source/ distance ²
• What is metabolism


  Sum of all chemical reactions
• Osmosis experiment


  Cut discs of raw potato and measure masses

  Put the discs in the different concentrations of sugar or salt solution

  After 30 mins measure mass
• How to calculate percentage change in mass

  Final - initial mass

  Then that answer divide by initials mass x100
• Dependent and independent variable


  Dependent- tested or measured

  Independent - being changed
• Active transport in humans example

  Sugar absorption

  In guts

  Respiration of cells
• Active transport in plants

  Mineral absorption in the roots
• What do specialised surfaces do

  Maximise effect of gas and solute exchange across them
• Examples of specialised surfaces

  Large surface area

  Thin membrane

  Blood supply

  Ventilation
• Stem cells examples


  Plant meristems

  Bone marrow

  Embryos
• What are stem cells used for

  Plant meristems- growth and repair

  Bones marrow- replace dying cells- fewer cell types

  Embryos- differentiate to most cells
• Used of stem cells

  Treatment- replace damaged cells in the body

  Plant clones- protect species

  Therapeutic cloning - same dna
• Tissues examples


  Epithelial tissue- contact with outside world

  Muscular tissue (animals)- contract to bring about force and motion

  Mesophyll(plants)- photosynthesis

  Epidermal tissue- skin or waxy covering
• Stomach organs


  Muscular tissue- moves the contents of stomach around in digestion

  Glandular tissue- break down the stomachs contents

  Epithelial tissue - lines the stomach
• Digestions system organs


  Glands( pancreas or salivary glands) -produce digestives juices

  Stomach - digested food

  Liver- produces bile

  Small intestine- digests and absorbs soluble food molecules

  Large intestine - absorbs water molecules and remaining undigested food - poo
• Levels of organisation 


  Cell

  Tissue

  Organ

  Organ system

  Organism
• Sperm

  cells

  Head- nucleus

  Acrosome- tip of head- penetrate egg cell

  Middle - mitochondria

  Tail- Travel motion
• Nerve cell


  Axon-electrical signal travel- long to increase distance

  Myelin sheath- surrounds the cell- stop leaks- increase speed

  Dendrites- branches of a nerve cell- transfer electrical messages to other neurons
• Muscle cells


  Mitochondria- motion

  Protein fibres- contract allowing movement
• Root hair cells


  No chloroplasts

  Long projections
• Xylem 


  Transport water - dead cells

  Osmosis- Ligin- strengthens cell wall
• Phloem


  Transport food - sucrose

  Active transport

  Living cells