FINALS BIO

Cards (52)

  • Immunity
    The ability of an organism to resist illness whether caused by pathogens or other foreign substances in the body.
  • Innate Mechanisms
    Act against any type of antigen, they do not have any specificity.
  • Adaptive Mechanisms
    Act against specific antigens, and comprise the humoral and cell-mediated immune response
  • Antigens
    are foreign or non-self-substances that trigger an immune response.
  • Antibodies
    are produced by the white blood cells that destroy antigens. These are proteins called immunoglobulins.
    • Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
    protects the mucosal surfaces of the body from infections.
    • Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
    Act as antigen receptors in mature B cells.
  • Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

    Anti-parasite immunity and allergies.
  • Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
    Helps protect the fetus.
  • Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

    Produced when the body is responding to a particular antigen for the first time.
  • Lymphoid Organs
    • These are organs where white blood cells are produced, stored, or where they mature.
    • There are two divisions: primary and secondary lymphoid organs
  • Primary Lymphoid Organs
    Bone Marrow and Thymus Gland
  • The young cells in the bone marrow develop and differentiate to produce B cells and T cells.
  • B cells multiply and mature in the bone marrow while the T cells migrate to the thymus and multiply and mature there.
  • Cytotoxic (Killer) T Cells
    Destroy infected cells or malignant cells.
  • Helper T Cells
    Produce chemicals that activate or promote the growth and multiplication of other lymphocytes.
  • Suppressor T Cells
    Regulates immune response by suppressing the immunity responses of the activated T and B cells.
  • Secondary Lymphoid Organs:
    • Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, and Lymphoid Tissues
    • This is where lymphocytes accumulate.
  • Geologic Time Scale
    a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata (stratigraphy) to time. This is also known as the calendar of events in Earth history and is established using fossil forms that are present in rocks. In this system, time is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs.
    • Earth is about 4.6 billion years old yet life on our planet began around 3.8 billion years ago with a single-celled prokaryotic cell, like a bacteria.
    • Eon is the largest division that spans one billion years.
    • Era spans tens to hundreds of millions of years and is distinguished by extinction events and appearance of new life forms.
  • Period spans no more than one hundred million years and is characterized by a single type of rock system.
  • Epoch is the smallest division characterized by distinctive organisms.
    • Hadean – earth’s formation happened
  • Archean – the first life-forms appeared (such as the cyanobacteria)
  • Proterozoic – the first multicellular organisms appeared
  • Paleozoic – the first chordates emerged
  • Mesozoic – the big reptiles proliferated
  • Lamarck’s Theory/Lamarckism 

    Coined by Jean Baptiste-Lamarck, he proposed the theory of evolution based on inheritance of acquired characteristics.
  • Lamarck’s Theory/Lamarckism mentioned the theory of use and disuse where living organisms were modified through the use or disuse of certain parts. If a certain part was utilized, it will be enhanced, but if it was not used, then it will disappear.
  • Darwin-Wallace’s Theory

    Coined the theory of evolution based on natural selection. His idea revolves around the survival of the fittest. Meaning to say, whichever organism is able to adapt to its environment will survive, and those that are not able to adapt will die.
  • Paleontology – the study of fossil remains.
  • Geographical Distributionsimilar organisms can be found from countries which are believed to be near each other before the continental drift happened therefore suggesting similar ancestry.
    • Comparative Anatomy – the study of biological structures in different organisms.
  • Comparative Embryology – some distant organisms share similar structures in a particular embryonic stage therefore suggesting a shared ancestry.
  • Biochemistry – involves the nucleic acids, metabolic pathways, and ATP of organisms.
  • DNA Homology – the genetic material in all organisms is the DNA. This suggests that organisms have similar origins.
  • Homologous structures share a similar embryonic origin; analogous organs have a similar function.
  • Analogous is a term used in biology to refer to body parts that have a similar function but differ in structure, such as the wings of a bird and the wings of an airplane.