M4

• Data


  Any information that was collected, observed, generated, or created to validate original research

  findings
• Types of Data


  • Qualitative Data
  • Quantitative Data
• Qualitative Data


  • Describes qualities or characteristics
  • Collected through the usage of

  questionnaires, interviews, or observation

  • Frequently appears in narrative form
• Classification of Qualitative Data

  • Nominal Data
  • Ordinal Data
• Nominal Data


  Used to label variables without any order or quantitative value
• Ordinal Data


  Have natural ordering where a number is present in some kind of order

  by their position on the scale
• Quantitative Data


  • Used when a researcher is trying to quantify a problem, or address the "how

  often" or "how many/how much" aspects of a research question

  • Can either be

  counted or compared on a numeric scale
• Types of Quantitative Data

  • Discrete Data
  • Continuous Data
• Discrete Data


  Contain the values that fall under integers or whole numbers
• Continuous Data


  Represent information that

  can be divided into smaller levels
• Data Cleaning, Coding, and Entry

  • Data Cleaning
  • Data Coding
  • Data Entry
• Data Cleaning


  Involves the process of fixing or removing incorrect, corrupted, incorrectly

  formatted, duplicate, or incomplete data within a dataset
• Data Coding


  Involves assigning numerical codes to different categories or variables in the

  data
• Data Entry


  Choose where you will enter your data
• Data analysis


  The process of collecting, modeling, and analyzing data

  using various statistical and logical methods and techniques during a research project