AP WORLD unit 1

• Patriarchy


  A system of society in which men hold the power
• Social Stratification


  A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
• Monotheism


  Belief in one god
• Polytheism


  Belief in more than one god
• Shamanism


  The practice of identifying special individuals who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community
• Animism


  The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have souls
• Judaism


  A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Developed written scriptures and an ethical code (Torah, 10 Commandments) over time
• Hinduism


  A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
• Legitimacy


  The popular acceptance of an authority, like a King or ruler
• Diasporic communities


  Immigrants who have relocated from their ancestral homelands and retain their distinct cultural identities as ethnic minority groups in their new locations
• Caste System


  A set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation, but also his or her position in society in Hinduism
• Mandate of Heaven


  An ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly
• Reincarnation


  The rebirth of a soul in a new body
• Confucianism


  A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society and stresses a moral code of conduct
• Buddhism


  The teaching of Buddha that emphasizes that life is filled with suffering caused by desire and that suffering ceases when desire ceases. Through right conduct, wisdom and meditation one can end the cycle of rebirth and reach Enlightenment
• Christianity


  A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament, emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
• State


  A nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government
• Filial piety


  In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors
• Tribute system


  Payment made by one nation to another in acknowledgment of submission, notably used by Aztec and Chinese dynasties
• Bureaucracy


  A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials
• Missionaries


  People who work to spread their religious beliefs
• Mali Empire


  Capitalized on the Saharan trade routes and of gold and salt, also Embraced Islam, notably under Mansa Musa
• Song dynasty


  During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 CE) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; paper money; gun powder; moveable type printing. Mass produced goods for trade on the Indian Ocean, experienced great urbanization, population increase, and embraced Neo-Confucianism
• Foot binding


  Becoming prominent during the Song dynasty, practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household
• Quran


  The holy book of Islam
• Pillars of Islam


  The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if physically and financially possible)
• Serfdom


  A type of labor used in in feudal Europe in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to pursue a new occupation
• Feudal Europe


  Decentralized kingships were established over powerful lords, with manors dominating political and economic life
• Crusades


  Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation
• Inca


  Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. Built a strong network of roads, and relied on the mita system
• Syncretism


  Religious syncretism exhibits blending of two or more religious belief systems into a new system
• Mita System


  Incan system for payment of taxes with labor
• Arabic


  Language of the Islamic civilization; facilitated trade
• Champa Rice


  Quick-maturing crop that can allow two harvests in one growing season
• Moveable type


  Blocks of metal or wood, each bearing a single character, that can be arranged to make up a page for printing
• Aztecs


  Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as tribute and POWs were used as slaves and sacrifices
• Llamas and alpacas


  Animals used for food and labor by the Inca
• Ethiopia


  A Christian kingdom that developed in eastern Africa
• Civil Service Exam


  In Imperial China, it was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy
• Dar al-Islam


  An Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule