Adv Physics

• Types of Energy

  • Nuclear Energy
  • Thermal Energy
  • Mechanical Energy
  • Electrical Energy
• Enrico Fermi

  • irradiated uranium with neutrons
• Who discovered fission?


  Enrico Fermi
• Otto Hahn and Fitz Strussmann


  split uranium atom by bombarding barium and krypton
• Ernest Rutherford


  Father of Nuclear Physics
• Nuclear Fission


  process in which the nuclei of heavy atoms split under the bombardment of neutrons; req. neutrons
• Chain Reaction


  series of nuclear fission; self-perpetuating; accompanied by enormous energy
• Nuclear Fusion


  light atoms fuse to form very heavy ones; energy is generated within inside or from the atom
• P-p chain


  collision of two protons to form deuterons
• Nuclear Fission Reactor


  device that releases energy by means of a controlled fission chain reaction; usually underground (3 floors)
• Control Rods


  made of Boron or other neutron-absorbing materials that control the number of neutrons present; absorbs existing neutrons inside
• Fuel Elements


  heart of the reactor
• Fissionable Fuels


  Uranium 235, Plutonium 239, Uranium 233
• Moderator


  used to slow down neutrons
• Hydrogen


  best moderating agent (Beryllium & Carbon is also used)
• Coolant


  good heat transfer agent; good neutron absorber
• Heavy water (H3O)


  best coolant
• Containment Building 


  all parts of the NPP are here; dome-shaped (no sides = no tension)
• Wilhelm Roentgen


  discovered x-ray
• X-ray 


  high-powered electrons
• Why is x-ray called x-ray?

  X means unknown and Roentgen didn't want to change it anymore
• Color of X-ray Film


  Film is White; Black Parts are exposed to x-ray
• Who was the first person to receive an x-ray?

  hand of Roentgen's wife
• Antonie Henri Becquerel 


  identified radioactivity (active radiation)
• Marie Curie and Pierre Curie


  discovered radium and polonium
• Radium


  used in clocks; called miracle water
• Radioactivity


  spontaneous emission of certain radiations by substances said to be radioactive
• Lead suit is worn in Nuclear Power Plants
• Becquerel Rays


  Alpha rays, Beta rays, Gamma rays
• Alpha-ray


  least penetrating and can be stopped by a sheet of paper
• Beta-ray (x-ray)


  can pass through paper but not through a sheet of alumnium
• Gamma rays


  can penetrate solid lead and body tissue
• Radioactive Decay


  spontaneous process; involves the emission of particles
• Types of Decay

  • Alpha Decay
  • Beta Decay
  • Gamma Decay
• Alpha Decay


  emission of alpha particle and formation of new element; He is always present
• Beta decay


  emission of beta particle such as electron and positron; beta plus and beta minus
• Beta plus 


  positron
• Beta minus


  electron
• Neutrino


  v, faster than the speed of light; can go back in time
• Gamma decay


  emission of electromagnetic radiation