URINALYSIS

• Urine - Determination and Treatment of Urine
• Kidney

  • Glomenular Filtration
  • Tubular Reabsorption
  • Tubular Secretion
• UTI

  • Upper (Stones) / Pyelonephritis
  • Lower / Cystisis
  • Urethritis and Ureteritis
• Diabetes Type 1

  • High Ketones (ketosis)
  • Ketoacidosis
• Urinalysis Parameters

  • Color, Clarity and Odor

  Clarity - Hazy, Cloudy and Turbid
• Fizzy - normal, excess protein and kidney problem

  Dark Yellow - Normal, Need Water

  Transparent Yellow - Normal

  Brown - Severely dehydrated, liver disease/ High Bilirubin

  Pink/Red - Eaten beets or blood in urine

  Clear - Excess water

  Pale straw yellow - healthy

  Honey/Amber - dehydrated

  Orange - dehydrated/liver bile

  Blue / Green - rare genetic disease, bacteria or food dye.

  Purple - does not exist.
• Indicans - blue diaper syndrome
• Pseudomonas - turbid green
• Porphyrin - heme/hemoglobin
• Porphyria - pale, light sensitive (purple) / vampire disease
• Milky Urine - Lipiduria
• Micturition - process of urination
• Midstream Collection - ideal and recommended to ensure no contamination
• Less than or equal to 1 RTE (Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell)/HPF - Findings for Renal Failure
• Urine - if not for stat testing, store at room temperature for 2 hours
• PAP - Papanicolaou
• Ketone - causes decrease in pH
• BUN and Creatinine - excreted but cannot be reabsorbed.
• 24 hour urine collection

  • Average: 800-2000 mL / day
• Urine Collection Method

  • Regular voided
  • Midstream
  • Midstream Clean Catch
  • Cetheterized
  • Suprapubic aspiration
  • Pediatric

  Suprapubic aspiration and  Pediatric - invasive and ideal for microbiological
• Anaerobes - can survive without oxygen
• Amniotic Fluid  

  • Clear and slightly yellow
  • To detect genetic disorder (e.g. Down Syndrome)
• UP: HCG and Inhibin A

  DOWN: AFP and Estriol
• Cerebrospinal Fluid

  • surrounds the brain and spinal cord and for detection of meningitis
  • needle insertion between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (Order of Draw)

  • Chemistry & Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Hematology

  Chemistry - to separate

  Microbiology - for culture

  Hematology - least contaminated
• Gastric Fluid / Gastric Analysis

  • Requires fasting/ NPO (Nil Per Os/Nothing by the mouth)
  • Stimulant;  Histamine
  • Method: Levine - inserted through nose, Rehfuss - through mouth
• Nasopharyngeal Secretions

  • To determine presence of bacteria
• Saliva

  • To check hormone level
• Semen - 2-5 mL

  • Thick yellowish white
  • Through masturbation
  • Azoospermia - no sperm
  • Aspermia - no semen
  • Lower than 2-5mL may lead to infertility
• Sputum

  • Mucous / Phlegm
  • 3 to 5mL ; 3 to 4 deep breaths
• Synovial Fluid

  • Lubricates movable joints
  • Collected via arthrocentesis
  • 3 tubes : EDTA/Heparin, Sterile, Non Additive
• Buccal (Cheek) Swab

  • DNA Analysis
• Bone Marrow

  • Identify blood diseases
  • Site: Sternum (Breastbone) and Illiac Crest
  • Method; Bone Marrow Aspiration Biopsy
• Breath Samples

  • C-Urea Breath Test (C-UBT) and Hydrogen Breath Test
• Feces / Stool

  • Markers; Consistency and Clarity
  • To determine gastrointestinal disorder and for presence of occult blood
  • Upper GIT - Melena (Black), Lower GIT - Hematochezia (Red)
• Hair

  • For Trace and Heavy Metal  Analysis
• Throat Swab

  • For Streptococcal Infection
• Tissue Specimen

  • Collected using biopsy
  • Maintain through Formaldehyde
  • 1-3 micrometer
• Physical Examination - Color

  • Yellow (Dark Yellow - Dehydrated, Straw Yellow - excess water) (Pigment - Urochrome)
  • Transparency/Clarity (news print): Clear; readable, Hazy; slight readable, Cloudy; slight readable but has clouds, Turbid; not readable
• Odor


  Aromatic smell