From reviewer(PR2)

• Research design


  Process of planning and carrying out a research study ; blueprint of your research study because it serves as the backbone of your research
• describes the characteristic or behaviour of the subjects or phenomenon that is being studied

  Descriptive research design
• No manipulation of variables is done in this design unlike in experimental research

  Uncontrolled variable
• This design does not attempt to answer the question why is not used to discover inferences, make predictions, or establish causal relationships

  Descriptive research design
• it includes an overall impression of the variables without influencing or manipulating other variables in any way

  Descriptive research design
• It attempts to collect data that could quantify for statistical analysis of population sample

  Quantitative
• The result of the study can be further analyzed and can be used in other research method

  basis for further research
• 7 types of descriptive research

  1. Survey
  2. Descriptive Normative
  3. Correlational Research Study
  4. Descriptive evaluative study (Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies)
  5. Assesment/Evaluation Study(Assesment&Evaluation)
  6. Descriptive comparative study
  7. Ex-Post Facto/Causal-comparative study
• Implies putting judgement and valuing to the measurements obtained

  Evaluation
• Imply measurement of certain key indicators without attaching any judgement to them

  Assesment
• It derives conclusion from observations and manifestations that already occured in the past and now compared to some dependent variables 


  Ex-Post Facto/Causal-Comparative study
• This is a study designed to establish formal procedure to compare and conclude the differences between variables

  Descriptive comparative study
• It is undertaken to assess the worth, success, effectiveness, or efficiency of a certain policy, or practice when applied to a group of subjects

  Assesment/evaluation study
• It is a study designed to evaluate changes over time by comparing at the same point of time but different subject representing different stages

  Cross-sectional studies
• It is a study that establishes changes in criterion measure over a long period of time using the same subject

  Longitudinal studies
• This design is used to gather information from a group of samples chosen from population

  Survey
• This type attempts to establish norms based on a large number of survey data

  Descriptive Normative Study
• This research design is used when the researcher aims to find out the extent to which different variables are related to one another.


  Correlational
• This study focuses on judging the goodness of criterion

  descriptive evaluative
• This is useful when the researcher aims to see the general picture of the population in terms of their socioeconommic status, behavior, and knowledge about a certain phenomena

  Survey
• it discusses why and how a phenomenon occurs

  ex-post facto
• Classical scientific experiment that is like the activities performed in science classes; Used to investigate the cause and effect relationship between the variables

  Experimental design
• Involves manipulating one variable to another to see if it influences the other variable; a factor treatment is introduced into the research investigation and the researcher attempts to isolate the effects of such treatment by means of control

  Experimental design
• You use experimental when

  1. there is time priority in research design
  2. to establish the cause and effect relationship between two variables
  3. you plan to do manipulation with the variables
• Logical and valid outgrowth of the findings; answer to problems rose at the course and is based on hypothesis posited

  Conclusion
• ideas or concepts based from the findings and results established from the problems you investigated

  Conclusion
• POINTERS FOR WRITING A CONCLUSION

  1. Be clear, concise and simple
  2. Use expressions that focus on the topic
  3. Include only necessary items
  4. Make sure that your conclusions are supported by findings
  5. Be honest and objective in stating the findings
• suggestions to people, orgs, or bodies concerned to solve or help the problems discovered in the investigations

  Reccomendations
• Give recommendations with basis; call for action

  Recommendations
• CHARACTERISTICS OF RECOMMENDATION

  1. Relevance to the study
  2. Logical Reasoning
  3. Feasability and attainability
• Each recommendation must be practical, workable,..

  Feasibility and attainability
• Each recommendation must be based from the findings and conclusions of the study

  Relevance to the study
• Each recommendation must be well thought of and with valid reasons

  Logical reasoning
• Descriptive data analysis


  Provides summaries about the sample and measures; used to simply describe what is or what the data shows; This type of data analysis does not attempt to test hypothesis
• used to compute further statistical testing

  Statistical measures
• refers to the number of times each data occurs; starting point for other statistical methods; helps you organize your data

  Frequency
• used to record the occurence of each data

  Frequency table
• measures of location/central location; way to describe what's typical for a set of data

  Measures of Central tendency
• Average set of data; most widely used measure of central tendency; frequently used for interval or ratio variables

  Mean
• The middle value of a given set of measurements, provided that the values are arranged in increasing or decreasing order

  Median