4.2

• social values, norms and mores


  values

  • understanding right from wrong, what people feel is correct

  norms

  • normal behaviour in society, social expectations that guide behaviour

  mores

  • morals, or good ways of behaving
• social change


  a shift in societies norms, values and morals over a period of time
• drink driving


  the public have come to see it as more serious and laws have tightened

  1979- half of all male drivers admit to drink driving once a week

  2014- 91% of people thought drink driving to be unacceptable
• why have attitudes changed- drink driving

  • more media coverage
  • increased technology to catch drink drivers
  • change in society regarding drinking culture
  • increased amount of transportation options
  • economic costs of driving damages/ incidents
  • increase in car ownership
• drink driving timeline


  1925

  • first law passed to make drink driving an offence. was no legal limit so being drunk was subjective

  1966

  • all new cars must be fitted with seatbelts

  1967

  • legal limit introduced. becomes an offence if over the limit

  1983

  • high risk offender scheme introduced to convict drivers with alcohol problems

  1991

  • fixed penalty for causing death by dangerous driving introduced (5 years)

  2014

  • fixed penalty increased to 14 years
• breathalysers


  aim to measure alcohol consumption in an individuals breath

  legal limit of consumption- 35micrograms of alcohol per 100 ml of breath

  different types of tests- roadside vs police station

  legally have to be administered when suspicious of alcohol or an rta

  consequences of failing are driving bans, fines and imprisonment
• tougher laws- drink driving

  new laws and tougher sentencing reflect growing public intolerance towards drink driving

  stats show that deaths from dangerous driving are going down

  shows beneficial impact of the change in public perceptions
• tv campaigns- drink driving

  first tv advertisement regarding drink driving was aired over 50 years ago. the nature of such has changed rapidly in this period

  there has been more of a focus on typical offenders of these offenders of these offences- young men

  most advertisements now show the consequences of drink driving

  real life case studies have been used for an emotional appeal

  increased frequency around holiday seasons when drink driving is more likely
• immigration and racism timeline

  1945

  • fewer than 20000 non white residents in the uk, main groups were Irish and jews that had escaped persecution

  1950s/60s

  • non white immigrants come from British colonies such as carribean, India and africa

  1950s-80s

  • an influx of immigrants from Eastern Europe in search of filling jobs that British citizens refused to take

  1992

  • free movement between eu member states

  2013-16

  • big influx of movement to the uk
• what has recently affected immigration in the uk

  • changes to immigration system, points based system
  • lack of freedom of movement after brexit
  • public and political debates about immigration
  • impact of covid
  • government policies
• the windrush generation - immigration and racism


  one of the early arrivals to the uk from the carribean

  many white people in the uk held incorrect stereotypes about black people

  these individuals faced difficulties around securing housing, employment and healthcare

  at the time little protection was given as it was legal to discriminate against an individual based on their race
• race relations acts


  1965

  • banned discrimination in public places and the promotion of hatred based on race an offence

  1968

  • outlawed discrimination based on housing, employment, public services etc

  1976

  • covered the concepts of direct and indirect discrimination

  2010

  • replaced by the equality act which incorporated other protected characteristics
• changing public attitudes- immigration and racism


  1987

  • 39% of people said they were racially prejudiced

  2017

  • 26% of people said they were racially prejudiced

  people in modern society see such offences as a hate crime that is punishable by law

  however racial attitudes still exist within society and there have been examples of such hate crimes surrounding the Brexit campaign and recent immigration policies
• women's rights


  at the start of the 20th century, women had very little legal and political rights

  typically, married women stayed at home to look after the children whilst the husband worked

  those women who were unmarried were often involved in professions such as teaching waitressing and cooking

  society slowly changed its views towards women and legislation was passed in the uk
• why was it difficult for women to attain rights in that period

  lack of representation

  lack of resources

  heavily patriarchal society

  fear of losing social order

  traditional religious beliefs

  poor educational standards
• why did attitudes begin to change towards women's rights


  industrial revolution

  • increase of women in the workforce

  educational development

  • more women able to access education and become aware of their rights

  women movements

  • the emergence of the suffragettes and their methods of protest

  world war 1

  • disrupted typical gender roles, challenge stereotypes
• suffragette movement


  key tactics included protests, hunger strikes, and millitant acts such as property damage

  the cat and mouse act (release of suffragettes due to poor health) and Emily Davisons death (attempted to grab the kings horse)

  government opposition, societal backlash and disagreements within the movement

  resulted in the people act 1918 (women over 30) and equal franchise act 1928 (lowered to over 21)
• legal changes- women's rights

  1928

  • women recieved the right to vote

  World War II

  • women had to fill job roles typically occupied by men

  1960s

  • numerous policies regarding education were introduced, issues of education, discrimination and employment

  1970s

  • equal pay act 1970, illegal to pay women lower than men for the same work

  1975

  • sex discrimination act 1975, illegal to discriminate against women in work, education and training
• has equality been achieved in uk society

  yes

  • progress in political representation, education and employment
  • gender equality legislation continues to be developed and promoted
  • more opportunities for women to pursue their goals/ aspirations

  no

  • disparities in pay and leadership positions
  • discrimination and harassment in various sectors
  • gender stereotypes still exist amongst certain people
• why did people smoke in early 20th century

  seen as fashionable

  heavy amount of advertising/ marketing

  unaware of health risks

  allevate stress and boredom

  symbolism of rebellion and masculinity
• smoking timeline


  1930s

  • normal and fashionable to smoke

  1930s-50s

  • smoking was glamorised and encouraged. film stars would smoke and little restrictions

  1950s

  • link made between smoking and lung cancer
  • growing concerns led to the disappearance of doctors in cigarette adverts
  • many anti smoking campaigns have emerged since

  21st century

  • increased legislation regarding smoking. opinion has largely changed
• smoking legislation


  tobacco advertising and promotion act 2002

  • banned tobacco advertising in print media, billboards and sponsorships

  health act 2006

  • smoking bans in enclosed public spaces and workplaces

  children and families act 2014

  • prohibit smoking in vehicles when children are present
• what measures are in place for vaping

  minimum age is 16 (18 to buy)

  avoiding advertisements that target young people

  can't make health claims without evidence

  must include health warning on packaging

  maximum nicotine concentration- 20mg
• reasons for change in attitudes- lgbt rights

  individualism

  • individuals have the increased ability to live their lives as they choose without prosecution/ harassment. such freedom can typically be seen in more liberal communities

  equal rights

  • an increase in the equal rights for women and the introduction of legislation such as the equality act 2010

  secularisation

  • declining influence of religion in contemporary society. several religious texts condemn homosexuality, but this carries less weight nowadays
• lgbt rights- pre 1960s


  1533

  • buggery act made sodomy between men punishable by death up until 1835

  1885

  • act extended to include any sexual act between men

  1954

  • over 1000 men still in prison for these acts
  • was typically considered a mental disorder or moral failing
  • media opinion was overwhelming and intolerant
  • as a result, many lgbt individuals concealed their sexual orientation or gender identity from public
• why have lgbt attitudes changed

  legal reform

  • the eventual repel of discriminatory laws and practices

  emergency of civil movements

  • groups such as the gay liberation front raised awareness and reduced stigma

  medical and psychological understanding

  • declassification as a mental disorder

  civil rights movements globally

  • several movements including stonewall riots in America pressured change
• lgbt rights timeline


  • Sexual Offences Act 1967: Decriminalised homosexual acts between men aged 21+ 
  • Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994: age of consent from 21 to 18
  • Adoption and Children Act 2002: same-sex couples in the UK to adopt children 
  • Gender Recognition Act 2004: transgender individuals with legal recognition of their gender
  • Civil Partnership Act 2004: Enabled same-sex couples to obtain legal recognition of their relationships 
  • Equality Act 2010: Prohibited discrimination based on protected characteristics in public
  • Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013