part 2

• •ASTRONOMY- Is a major influence to the development of physics. Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.
• • . Celestial Domaincan only made up of the perfect substance they called "ether" and can only move in perfect motion: circular in path and constant in speed.
• • Terrestrial Domainare imperfect that the tendency of things to attain perfection is the cause of their motion. Things tend to move towards the center of the universe or away from it depending on their effectiveness on their composition of the elements- fire, air, water and earth.
• In physics, motion is the change in position of an object with respect to its surroundings in a given interval of time. The motion of an object with some mass can be described in terms of the following: Distance, Displacement, Speed, Velocity, Time, Acceleration
• Natural Motion

  -According to Aristotle, natural motion is inherent to objects and is determined by their natural tendencies. For example, heavy objects tend to fall downward, while light objects tend to rise.

  -This type of motion was believed to be driven by the nature of the object itself, without any external force acting upon it.

  -The tendency of objects to go back to their natural state.
• Voluntary Motion

  • The ability of humans (as well as other animals) to move because they have the will or the capacity to do so.

  It refers to movement initiated by living beings through their own will or desire. Aristotelian mechanics laid the foundation for understanding motion in terms of causes, including the distinction between voluntary and natural motion.
• Involuntary Motion-The motion caused by unnatural conditions.
• three types of terrestrial motion. These are the diurnal motion, annual motion and Earth’s precession.
• Diurnal motion/daily motion of the sky — refers to the apparent movement of stars and other celestial bodies around the Earth
• Annual motion of the sky — refers to the apparent yearly movement of the Sun across a background of stars
• Earth’s precession which was historically called the precession of the equinoxes, because the equinoxes moved westward along the ecliptic relative to the fixed stars, opposite to the yearly motion of the Sun along the ecliptic.
• oblate spheroid- Earth’s true shape (bulging at the equator and squeezed poles)
• . Anaxagoras explained the causes of the phases of the moon.
• Anaxagoras (in 500 to 430 B.C.), supported the idea of a spherical earth
• Aristotle (around 340 B.C.) included the following in his argument supporting a spherical Earth: position of the North star, the shape of the moon and the sun, ships disappearing over the horizon.
• Eratosthenes measured the Earth’s circumference with a stick, a knowledge of the distance from Alexandria to Syene and geometry
• There were several models of the universe presented and the most common were the Geocentric and the Heliocentric models of the solar system
• •GEOCENTRIC MODEL posits that the Earth is at the center of the universe
• Eudoxus of Cnidus (born c. 395 – 390 B.C.), a Greek astronomer and mathematician, was the first to propose a model of the universe based on geometry.
• Aristotle (born c. 384 B.C.), a Greek philosopher and astronomer, introduced the Prime Mover, as the cause of the movement of the spheres. His model composed of 56 spheres that guided the motion of the Sun, the Moon, and five known planets. As the
• The center of the epicycle then moved on a larger sphere called a deferent.

   
• Ptolemy (c. A.D. 100-170), an Egyptian astronomer, improved upon Aristotle's model by introducing equants into his calculations. He also added more spheres to account for the movements of the stars and other celestial bodies. Ptolemy's model consisted of over 100 spheres!
• Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) supported the heliocentric model through observations made using telescopes. He observed four moons orbiting Jupiter and found that Venus went through phases similar to those of the moon. These findings provided evidence supporting the idea that the Earth orbited the Sun.
• Heliocentric Model - The heliocentric model places the sun at the center of our solar system instead of the Earth. It was proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) who believed that the Earth revolved around the Sun rather than vice versa. This theory challenged the geocentric viewpoint which had been accepted since ancient times.
• • HELIOCENTRIC MODELposits that the sun is at the center of the universe. This model gained popularity in the 16th century and was eventually accepted as the correct model.
• Geometry is the branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. It deals with objects such as points, lines, surfaces, solids, angles, etc., and their relationships.
• Plane geometry studies two dimensional shapes like circles, triangles, squares, rectangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, rhombuses, hexagons, octagons, etc. It includes topics like parallelism, perpendicularity, congruence, symmetry, angle measurement, locus, etc.
• Solid geometry studies three dimensional shapes like cubes, cylinders, prisms, pyramids, cones, spheres, etc. It includes topics like volume, surface area, nets, cross sections, etc.
• Tycho Brahe was the last and graetest astronomer prior to the imvetntion of the telescope. He thought Earth was at the center, but everything else orbited around the Sun. He believed that the Sun went around Earth, but all the other planets went around the Sun.
•  Eudoxus’, Aristotle’s, and Ptolemy’s models have the Earth as the center of the universe while Aristarchus’ and Copernicus’ models have the Sun as the center.
• Eudoxus’ model has 27 concentric spheres for the Sun, Moon, planets, and the stars whose common center is the Earth.
• Aristotle’s model of the universe is composed of 56 spheres guiding the motion of Sun, Moon and the five known planets.
• The heliocentric theory states that the sun is the center of our solar system and all the planets revolve around it.