CHEM

• Alcohol


  An organic compound with a hydroxyl (OH) functional group on an aliphatic carbon atom
• Alcohols


  Represented by the general formula ROH, where R is an alkyl group
• Alcohols are common in nature
• Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)


  The active ingredient in alcoholic beverages, a member of the family of organic compounds known as alcohols
• Methanol (CH3OH)


  The first member of the homologous series of alcohols
• Ethanol (CH2CH2OH)


  The second member of the homologous series of alcohols
• Nomenclature of alcohols


  Alcohols with one to four carbon atoms are frequently called by common names, in which the word alcohol follows the name of the alkyl group
• IUPAC nomenclature for alcohols


  1. The name of the alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it was derived

  2. The final -e in the name of the hydrocarbon is replaced by -ol

  3. The carbon atom to which the -OH group is bonded is indicated by a number placed before the name
• Alcohols


  • 2-pentanol
  • propan-2-ol
  • butan-2-ol
• Simpler alcohols


  • Methanol (methyl alcohol)
  • Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
• Methanol


  Also known as methyl alcohol, a chemical with the formula CH3OH, produced by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide
• Ethanol


  Also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol, a chemical compound with the formula C2H6O, naturally produced by fermentation of sugars by yeasts
• Alcohols


  • Have low acute toxicities, with doses of several millilitres tolerated
  • Methanol is far more toxic than ethanol
  • All alcohols are mild skin irritants
• Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)


  The immediate effect of alcohol depends on the drinker's BAC, which can be different for each person
• Effects of alcohol on the body based on BAC


  • Listed in Table 3
• Polyol


  An organic compound containing multiple hydroxyl groups
• Polyols


  • Ethylene glycol
  • Propylene glycol
  • Glycerol
• Ethylene glycol


  An organic compound with the formula (CH2OH)2, mainly used as a raw material in the manufacture of polyester fibers and for antifreeze formulations
• Propylene glycol


  An organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)CH2OH, used as a chemical feedstock, in edible items, and as a solvent in pharmaceuticals
• Glycerol


  A simple polyol compound, a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic, used as a sweetener, humectant, and in various other applications
• Phenols


  Compounds in which an OH group is attached directly to an aromatic ring, slightly acidic in water and react with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form salts
• Phenol


  The parent compound C6H5OH, a white crystalline compound with a distinctive ("hospital smell") odor, used as an antiseptic
• Glycerin


  Used as a humectant
• Ichthyosis and xerosis


  Relieved by the topical use of glycerin
• Glycerol


  Used as a tablet holding agent in solid dosage forms like tablets
• Phenols


  Compounds in which an OH group is attached directly to an aromatic ring
• Aldehydes and Ketones


  Carbonyl compounds with the general formula CnH2nO
• Phenols


  Differ from alcohols in that they are slightly acidic in water
• Aldehydes


  • Have at least one hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl group; the other group is either hydrogen or an alkyl or aryl group
  • Have the characteristic functional group -CHO
• Reaction of phenols with aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

  ArOH(aq)+NaOH(aq) → ArONa (aq)+H20
• Phenol


  The parent compound, C,H,OH, with a distinctive ("hospital smell") odor
• Ketones


  • The carbonyl group is bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups with a—CO—functional group
  • The two groups bonded to a ketone may be similar or different, resulting in a symmetrical or unsymmetrical ketone
• Phenols


  • Widely used as antiseptics (substances that kill microorganisms on living tissue) and disinfectants (substances intended to kill microorganisms on inanimate objects such as furniture or floors)
• Nomenclature of Aldehydes


  • Systematic names are obtained by replacing the suffix—e of the corresponding alkane with the prefix—al, i.e., aldehydes are named alkanal
  • The carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes is assigned 1 position
• Joseph Lister used phenol for antiseptic surgery


  1867
• Phenol


  Toxic to humans, can cause severe burns when applied to the skin, and is a systemic poison in the bloodstream
• Nomenclature of Ketones


  • Systematic names are obtained by replacing the suffix—e of the corresponding alkane with the prefix—one, i.e., ketones are named alkanone
  • The number assigns the position of the carbonyl group in the ketone
• 1. hexylresorcinol


  A safer phenolic antiseptic that is much more powerful than phenol as a germicide and has fewer undesirable side effects
• 1. hexylresorcinol


  Safe enough to be used as the active ingredient in antiseptic preparations for use on the skin
• Rosenmunds Reaction


  Reduction of acid chloride in the presence of a palladium-supported catalyst to give the product aldehyde