Holderness

• What type of clay does Holderness consist of

  Boulder Clay (also known as glacial till)
• Describe Boulder Clays properties

  Structurally weak and has little resistance to erosion
• What does the boulder clay produce

  Shallow, sloping cliffs
• How tall are the cliffs

  5 to 20 meters tall
• Where is the wind, waves coming from

  North East
• How long is the fetch

  500-800km
• Who is responsible for coastal management

  The Environment Agency
• How much land is lost in a stormy year

  Up to 7 meters
• How many km have been lost since Roman Times

  4km
• How many towns have been lost since Roman times

  23 (such as Old Kilnsea)
• By 2100 how many homes will fall into the sea

  200
• How much land is lost in a year

  2m
• What percent of eroded material is deposited

  3%
• How long is the Holderness coastline?

  61km
• What area of holderness has sand dunes

  Spurn head
• What area of holderness has slumping cliffs

  Atwick Sands
• What is the spit at holderness called

  Spurn head
• What estuary does spurn head form from

  Humber estuary
• How far has the coastline retreated over the past 2000 years

  4 km
• How many m^2 of farmland are lost each year

  80,000 m^2
• What length of the coastline is protected by hard engineering

  11.4 km
• What protects Bridlington and Hornsea

  4.7 km sea wall
• In 1991, what was built in Mappleton

  2 rock groynes and 500m revetments
• How much did the 1991 Mappleton defences cost

  £2 million (backed by the EU)
• What protected spurn head

  Groynes and rip rap
• What does the SNP suggest to do

  "hold the line" and "do nothing"
• In 1995 what did the SNP decide that caused controversy

  They no longer protected Spurn Head - "do nothing"
• why is Holderness eroding so fast (3 reasons)

  - Boulder clay cliffs are weak

  - Destructive waves from the largest fetch

  - Winter storms intensifies processes