Electrolytes

• ICF/Intracellular Fluid

  Found within the cell
• ECF/Extracellular Fluid


  Found outside the cell
• Types of Extracellular Fluid

  • Transcellular (found within cavities)
  • Interstitial fluid (found between cells)
  • Intravascular fluid (found in the plasma)
• Infant has 80% of body mass as water
• Man has 60% of body mass as water (10% more than females because they have more muscle tissues that store water)
• Woman has 50% of body mass as water (10% less than males because they have more adipose tissues which are not compatible with water)
• Functions of Water (ICF)

  • Elimination of waste from the cell
  • Maintains normal body temperature
  • Used in chemical function
• Functions of Water (ECF)

  • Maintain blood volume
  • Delivers gases and other substances throughout the body
• Functions of Electrolytes


  • Maintains acid-base balance
  • Used in neuromuscular irritability
  • Maintain body fluid volume and concentration
  • Distribute body water between fluid compartments
• Normal Volume of Common Electrolytes (mEq/L)


  • Sodium: 135-145
  • Calcium: 4.5-5.5
  • Potassium: 3.5-5
  • Phosphate: 1.7-2.6
  • Magnesium: 1.5-2.5
  • Chloride: 98-108
• Sodium Regulation


  • Kidney (produce output)
  • Thirst (major control of fluid intake)
  • ADH (Anti diuretic hormone, retains water in renal tubule)
  • RAAS (Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system)
  • Inverse relation with potassium
• Sodium Imbalance


  • Hyponatremia: <135
  • Hypernatremia (edema): >145
• Potassium Regulation


  • Aldosterone and Hydrogen ion regulates potassium level
  • Aldosterone retains sodium and excretes potassium
  • Potassium is the major cation
• Potassium Imbalance


  • Hypokalemia: <3.5 (everything is low and slow, caused by starvation)
  • Hyperkalemia: >5 (acidosis, everything is high and fast)
• Potassium is necessary for nerve impulse
• Types of Passive Transport

  • Diffusion (movement of solvent from lower to higher concentration)
  • Osmosis (movement of solute from higher to lower concentration)
• Types of Active Transport

  • Hydrostatic pressure (occurs when blood is pushed in the walls of blood vessels)
  • Colloid osmotic pressure
• Types of Solution


  • Hypertonic (cells shrink)
  • Isotonic (normal cell)
  • Hypotonic (cells swell)
• Potassium is abundant inside cells, while sodium is abundant outside cell
• Calcium Regulation


  • Parathormone, vitamin D and thyrocalcitonin regulates calcium serum
  • Vitamin D promotes absorption of calcium in GIT
  • Parathormone heightens calcium serum because it inhibits bone resorption
  • Thyrocalcitonin decreases calcium serum because it inhibits bone absorption
• Calcium is inversely related with phosphorus
• Calcium Imbalance


  • Hypocalcemia: >4.5 (increased cell membrane permeability, everything is high and fast)
  • Hypercalcemia: <5.5 (decreased membrane permeability, everything is low and slow)
• Magnesium


  Inhibits acetylcholine release
• Magnesium Imbalance


  • Hypomagnesemia: >1.5 (high acetylcholine release, everything is high and fast)
  • Hypermagnesemia: <2.5 (low acetylcholine release, everything is low and slow)
• Normal Blood Values


  • pH: 7.35-7.45
  • pO2: 80-100 mmHg
  • pCO2/Carbonic Acid: 35-45 mmHg
  • HCO3/Bicarbonate: 22-26 mEq/l
• pH and HCO3 are similar, but pH and HCO3 are inverse to pCO2
• Acid-Base Imbalance


  • Alkalosis (pH>7.45, HCO3>26 mEq/l)
  • Acidosis (pH<7.35, HCO3<22 mEq/l)
  • Respiratory Acidosis (pCO2>45)
  • Respiratory Alkalosis (pCO2<35)
  • Metabolic Alkalosis (high bicarbonate, results from loss of hydrogen ions)
  • Metabolic Acidosis (low bicarbonate, results from abnormal fixed acid)
• If pH is 7 below or 7.8 above, it results in death
• If pH and pCO2 are affected, it is a respiratory acid-base imbalance
• If pH and HCO3 are affected, it is a metabolic acid-base imbalance
• Arterial Blood Gas Analysis is done to patients with COPD, pulmonary edema, ARDS, MI, Pneumonia
• Allen test assesses adequacy of blood supply to the client's non-dominant hand
• ICF/Intracellular fluid


  Found within the cell
• ECF/Extracellular fluid


  Found outside the cell
• Types of extracellular fluid

  • Transcellular
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Intravascular fluid
• Transcellular


  Found within cavities (pleural fluid, water in renal tubules, gastric juice)
• Interstitial fluid


  Found between cells
• Intravascular fluid


  Found in the plasma
• Infant has 80% of body mass as water
• Man has 60% of body mass as water (10% more than females because they have more muscle tissues that store water)