Ethical Considerations

• What are the five ethical considerations a researcher must take when designing an experiment?

  1. Informed consent

  2. Deception

  3. Protection from warm

  4. Privacy and Confidentiality

  5. Right to Withdraw
• What must participants do to participate in a study?

  Make an informed decision and consent
• Why might a researcher withhold the aim of a study initially?

  To prevent altering participants' behavior
• What must participants be informed about if the study's aim is withheld?

  They must be informed at the end
• What information must participants know at the start of a study?

  Enough to make an informed decision
• Who must give consent for participants under 16?

  Parents or guardians
• What is retrospective consent?

  Consent obtained after the study ends
• What is presumptive consent?

  Assuming consent unless opted out
• Why might consent not be possible in natural experiments?

  Participants may not know they are involved
• What is the difference between lying and withholding information in research?

  Lying is false information; withholding is selective
• How can deception be justified in research?

  If the benefits of research outweigh the deception
• What is the purpose of a debriefing in research?

  To provide withheld information after the study
• What is the investigator's responsibility regarding harm?

  Protect participants from physical and mental harm
• What should the risk of harm in research be compared to?

  Ordinary life risks
• What right do participants have if they feel at risk of harm?

  They have the right to withdraw
• What should psychologists do if participants feel uncomfortable?

  Reassure them about their behavior
• What is the expectation regarding participant information confidentiality?

  Information must be kept confidential
• How should participants be referred to in research?

  By numbers or initials, not names
• What must psychologists clarify about data sharing?

  Data sharing must be made clear in advance
• What right do participants have regarding withdrawal from a study?

  They can leave at any time for any reason
• What should participants be informed about at the start of the experiment?

  They have the right to withdraw