AC 3.2

• environmental design:

  • Built environment can affect crime 
  • Newman 
  • Defensible & indefensible space 
  • Crime is likely to occur in indefensible spaces- anon walkways, stairwells, lifts 
  • Areas that don't belong to anyone 
  • Defensible areas have clear boundaries- obvious who has the right to be there: territoriality, surveillance, safe image, protected location. 
• Felson routine activity


  motivated offender - suitable target - lack of suitable guardian
• CPTED:

  • Structure analysis- interior & exterior 
  • Interior analysis- lightning 
  • Front & back of house 
  • Should have high visibility 
  • Blind corners should have lightning- shadows 
  • Pants should be below windows- easy to look out of 
  • May have bushes with thorns- harder to crawl through 
  • Gates- have locks on 
  • Fences create boundaries 
  • Displacement of crime- right realism 
• Evaluation of CPTED:

  • Cozens et al- higher crime rates in cities with high rise blocks than low rise buildings 
  • Ohio- CPTED partnership with the housing authority led to a 12-13% decline in crime 
  • Newman- 55% of all crimes committed in high rise blocks in NY occurred in indefensible spaces 
  • Some crime is meant to be visible e.g. Graffiti 
  • Doesn’t' work for all crimes e.g. domestic abuse 
  • Displaces crime doesn't deal with root causes 
• Panopticon prisons:

  • Institutional building & system of control 
  • Designed by Jeremy Bentham- 18th century 
  • Concept- allow prisoners to be observed by a single security guard without inmates being able to tell whether they are being watched 
  • Forced to regulate their own behaviour 
• what are 2 types of behavioural tactics?

  ASBOs and CBOs
• Strengths of Token economy:

  • Hobbs & Holt- token economy works well short term for all ages 
  • Field (2004)- positive effect on young people with behaviour problems on the whole, but some individuals don't respond 
  • Programme was adapted for non-responsive youths with instant rewards & more frequent- lead to greater success 
  • No specialist training required- makes it cheap/easy to implement 
• Limitations of token economies:

  • Not effective long-term. When no longer offered incentives- 
  • Cohen & Filipczak- reduction in offending after 2 years, but not after 3 
  • Other strategies such as anger management or social skill training may be more useful in the long term 
  • Success rate in questionable- may be due to relationship between staff-prisoner, extra attention or just having clear rules 
  • Prisoners need to be engaged with the programme and have motivation 
  • Not rehabilitative 
• ASBOs:

  • Anti-Social Behaviour Orders
  • they are civil orders and not criminal orders.
  • breaching can lead to up to five years in prison.
  • they are put in place to restrain someone from committing illegal actions.
• CBOs:

  • Criminal Behaviour Orders
  • under 2014 crime & policing act - replaced ASBOs
  • they last up to two years if you're over 18.and last 1-2 years if under 18.breaching can lead up to 5 years in prison/detention.
• CBOs - advantage:

  • allow people to access the correct treatment for their behaviour such as therapy and anger management.
• CBOs - disadvantage:

  • restrict people from seeing people.