Matter

• Everything in this universe is made up of a material which scientists have named matter
• Matter


  Material that makes up everything in the universe
• Particles of matter


  • Have enough space
  • Continuously moving
  • Attract each other
• Types of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Solid


  Has fixed shape and volume
• Liquid


  • Has no fixed shape but has fixed volume
  • Flows and changes shape
• Gas


  • Has no fixed shape and volume
  • Highly compressible
• Increasing temperature


  • Increases kinetic energy
  • Solid converts to liquid (fusion)
  • Liquid converts to gas (vaporization)
• Decreasing temperature


  Solid, liquid and gas reform
• Kelvin


  SI unit of temperature
• Increasing pressure


  • Gas can be converted to liquid (condensation)
  • Liquid can be converted to solid (sublimation)
• Decreasing pressure


  Solid, liquid and gas reconverted
• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Plasma
  • Beam
  • Bose-Einstein condensate
• Plasma


  Ionized gas, superheated to the point some electrons break away
• Beam


  Particles move harmoniously in one direction
• Bose-Einstein condensate


  Zero state of matter, lower than all other states
• Sublimation is the change of gaseous state directly to solid state without going through liquid state and vice versa
• Particles of the liquid change into vapor state called boiling
• Rate of evaporation


  Depends on surface area exposed, temperature, humidity, wind speed
• Latent heat of vaporization

  Heat energy required to change 1 kg of liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at boiling point
• Latent heat of fusion

  Heat energy required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid at melting point