cooperation

• khrushchev

  • before = peaceful coexistance and economic development, anti-western stance
  • after = open to discussions, mutual restraint
• kennedy

  • before = interested in conciliation but criticised, anti-communist stance
  • after = goals of reducing nuclear warfare, assassinated 1963
• washington-moscow hotline

  • direct communication
  • not used by either kennedy or khruschev
• moscow test ban treaty

  • proposed by the soviets in the 1950s
  • signed by the usa and ussr in 1963
  • public pressure helped sign the treaty
  • banned nuclear testing in the atmosphere, water or anywhere that radioactive debris could spread
  • france and china refused until the 1990s
  • uk agreed
• shifting balance of nuclear power

  • relied on mutual assured destruction (MAD) as a deterrent against war
  • us produced ICBMs and Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBMs)
  • ussr = anti ballistic missiles that could intercept nuclear weapons
  • us response = Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVS)= deploy multiple warheads with diff locations
• non-proliferation treaty

  • signed 1968
  • no sharing weapons to other states without NW
  • prevent nun-nuclear states from forming alliances
  • china and france didnt sig until 1992 but agreed to the terms
• cut back in materials for nuclear weapons

  • public concern
  • pressure from other countries
  • cost of the arms race
  • us wanted to limit arms race and improve relations
  • sino-soviet relations worsened = no choice but to continue talks with us
  • discussions halted when johnson didnt run for re-election
  • nixon = SALT and Prague Spring