Upper and lower joints

• Joints of the upper limb

  • Sternoclavicular joint
  • Acromioclavicular joint
  • Shoulder joint
  • Elbow joint
  • Distal radioulnar joint
  • Wrist joint
  • Carpometacarpal joint
  • Metacarpophalangeal joint
  • Interphalangeal Joints
• Sternoclavicular joint


  Saddle-shaped joint that serves as the primary skeletal connection between the axial skeleton and the upper limb
• Sternoclavicular joint


  • Ligaments provide stability
• Acromioclavicular joint


  Joint at the top of the shoulder, junction between the acromion and the clavicle, plane synovial joint
• Shoulder joint


  Formed by the articulation of the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity (or fossa) of the scapula, spheroid type (ball&socket joint)

  
• Shoulder joint


  • Glenohumeral ligaments
  • Coracohumeral ligament
  • Transverse humeral ligament
  • Coraco–clavicular ligament

  
• Elbow joint


  Complex joint formed by the articulation of three bones – the humerus, radius and ulna

  
• Elbow joint


  • Humero-radial joint (ball-and-socket)
  • Humero-ulnar joint (hinge-joint)
  • Radio-ulnar joint (pivot joint)

  
• Humeroulnar joint


  Joint between the trochlea of the distal end of the humerus and the trochlear notch on the proximal ulna (hinge type)

  
• Humeroradial joint


  Joint between the capitulum with the head of the radius (spheroid, ball&socket joint), allows flexion, extension, supination, and pronation

  
• Proximal radioulnar joint


  Pivot type synovial joint between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament

  
• Distal radioulnar joint


  Pivot-joint formed between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch on the lower end of the radius, primary movements are pronation and supination
• Wrist joint


  Also referred to as the radiocarpal joint, condyloid synovial joint between the distal end of the radius and the scaphoid, lunate, triquetral bones below, allows flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction Type: Ellipsoid join
• Carpometacarpal joints


  Articulations between the carpal bones and metacarpal bones of the hand, mostly ellipsoid type except carpometacarpale pollicis (saddle-shaped)
• Carpometacarpale pollicis


  • Allows flexion-extension, opposition, and abduction-adduction
• Metacarpophalangeal joints


  Ellipsoid joints that connect the metacarpus to the phalanges, allow flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction and limited rotation
• Interphalangeal joints of the hand

  Hinge joints between the proximal, middle, and between middle and distal phalanges, allow flexion-extension
• Joints of the lower limb

  • Hip joint
  • Knee joint
  • Proximal Tibiofibular joint
  • Distal Tibiofibular joint
  • Ankle joint
  • Intertarsal joint
  • Tarsometatarsal joint
  • Metatarsophalangeal joint
  • Interphalangeal joint

  
• Hip joint

  Joint between the head of femur and acetabulum of the pelvis, ball and socket joint

  
• Hip joint

  • Iliofemoral ligament limits extension and external rotation
  • Pubofemoral ligament limits hip abduction and extension
  • Ischiofemoral ligament limits internal rotation and hip adduction with flexion
• Knee joint


  Bicondylar joint synovial joint, allows flexion and extension (and a small degree of medial and lateral rotation), formed by articulations between the patella, femur and tibia
• Knee joint

  • Tibiofemoral joint (Bicondylar synovial joint)
  • Patellofemoral joint (Plane joint)
  • Medial and lateral menisci to deepen the articular surface and act as shock absorbers
  • Extracapsular ligaments: patellar ligament, tibial (medial) collateral ligament, fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
  • Intracapsular ligaments: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
  • Suprapatellar bursa, prepatellar bursa, infrapatellar bursa, semimembranosus bursa
• Proximal tibiofibular joint


  Articulation between the head of the fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia, plane type synovial joint

  
• Distal tibiofibular joint


  Articulation between the fibular notch of and the fibula, fibrous joint
• Talocrural joint (ankle joint)


  Hinge joint that connects the distal end of tibia, medial malleolus of the tibia, lateral malleolus of fibula, and trochlea tali (body of talus), allows dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot
• Intertarsal joints


  Plane type joints between the tarsal bones, including subtalar (talocalcaneal), talocalcaneonavicular, calcaneocuboid, cuneonavicular, cuboideonavicular, and intercuneiform joints
• Subtalar joint


  Articulation between the posterior articular surfaces of the talus and calcaneus, plane joint type, allows inversion/eversion
• Tarsometatarsal joints


  Articulations between the tarsals and metatarsals
• Metatarsophalangeal joints


  Joints between the heads of metatarsals and corresponding bases of the proximal phalanges of the foot
• Interphalangeal joints of the foot

  Joints between the phalanges, the great toe has one interphalangeal joint, other toes have a proximal (PIP) and a distal (DIP) interphalangeal joint
• THE JOINTS OF THE UPPER LIMB

  Sternoclavicular joint

  Acromioclavicular joint

  Shoulder joint

  Elbow joint

  Distal radioulnar joint

  Wrist joint

  Carpometacarpal joint

  Metacarpophalangeal joint

  Interphalangeal Joints