extra questions

• what are the 2 types of DNA that are commonly inserted into vectors to make libraries?

  cDNA and genome
• characteristics of restriction enzymes:

  • cut double stranded DNA
  • recognise palindromic sequences
  • cut DNA at specific sequences
  • isolated from bacteria
  • generate sticky ends
• enzyme that elongates DNA chain

  thermostable DNA polymerase
• what is required for initiation and continued elongation of the DNA strand?

  primers, dNTP (deoxynucleotides), template DNA
• synthesis of DNA chains can be terminated due to:

  dideoxynucleotide which lacks a 3' OH
• function of photomultiplier and laser beam in Sanger sequencing:

  to detect the fluorescent nucleotides in the sequence, which have been fluorescently labelled
• Taq polymerase is used in PCR to:

  • label DNA probes
  • is heat resistant from thermophilic bacteria so will not be destroyed during PCR
• codon bias is:


  different organisms favour different codons too encode for specific amino acids
• the genetic code is degenerate
• micropropagation is commercially important because it allows:


  individual plant genotypes to be propagated where other methods of propagation are difficult
• decline in cell numbers after a certain period of time is termed

  senescence
• transformed cells will continue to live after most cells have entered senescence due to

  increased motility, immortality and less differentiation
• gene therapy for cystic fibrosis initially because an adenovirus vector was used which induced an _ response, killing the cells containing the vector

  immune
• method to test for single base pair substitutions associated with inherited diseases

  allele specific PCR
• DNA testing of forensic samples involves multiplex PCR analysis of STRs
• STR stands for


  short tandem repeats